Late Nineteenth-Century Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa

Africa, 1794

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Causes of “New” Imperialism 1.ECONOMIC motives: profit? 2.PRESTIGE and NATIONALISM 3.DOMESTIC POLITICS: Bismarck 4.INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION and its technological advances 5.Ideological reasons: A.SOCIAL DARWINISM B.WHITE MAN’S BURDEN C.MISSIONARY ZEAL

Cecil Rhodes, Epitomized British Imperialism Fifth son of English Vicar Went to Natal, studied at Oxford 1888 founded DeBeers Mines Most enthusiastic imperialist Rhodesia, founded 1895

King of Belgium, Leopold II (r ) 1860: "I believe that the moment is come for us to extend our territories. I think that we must lose no time, under penalty of seeing the few remaining good positions seized upon by more enterprising nations than our own. ” 1876: International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo

Henry M. Stanley ( ) Orphan Self-made Wanderer Journalist Explorer Found David Livingstone 1878: goes to work for Leopold

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Pierre de Brazza ( ) Italian born, 7 th son of nobleman Explored the north of the Congo river for France Brazzaville Ran into conflict with Stanley

Egypt Muhammad Ali, ; r Ottoman general (Albanian) turned ruler and reformer Focus: Military reform Agriculture: Cotton, profitable but devastating Tried to Europeanize Egypt. 1820s conquered Sudan

Egypt Ismail Pasha, r (grandson of Ali) Paris educated 1867: Khedive/Hidiv of Egypt and Sudan Further modernized: –Post office –Sugar industry –Railroads –Suez Canal

Egypt Suez Canal (completed 1869) But Europeanization greatly increased debt, from 3 to 100 million pounds 1875: Ismail forced to sell shares in Suez Canal Company British PM D’Israeli paid 4 million pounds British and French interference increased. 1879: Pressured Ottoman Sultan to replace Ismail with Tewfik.

Urabi revolt, Col. Ahmed Urabi –Egyptian nationalist party –Anti-European –Anti-Ottoman British and French worried of debt and Suez (sent warships) June 1882: Provoked riots in Alexandria British decided to occupy

Berlin Conference ( ): Otto von Bismarck and Jules Ferry 1.Effective Occupation 2.Congo Free State 3.Abolished Slavery Participants: Germany Austria–Hungary Belgium Denmark France United Kingdom Italy Netherlands Portugal Russia Spain Sweden-Norway Ottoman Empire

Battle of Khartoum, 1885

Battle of Adwa, 1896 Menelik II of Ethiopia vs. Italy Ethiopians: 100,000 troops; 40 artillery guns Italians: 15,000 troops, 56 artillery guns Casualties: 8000 each side

Battle of Omdurman, 1898

Maxim gun and modern artillery

Fashoda incident, 1898 French: Jean-Baptiste Marchand British: Horatio Herbert Kitchener (later Lord Kitchener)

George Washington Williams ( ) First African American Historian 1889: Leopold II 1890: Congo Free State to settle African Americans 1890: wrote Leopold an open letter 1891: died

Joseph Conrad ( ) Jozef Teodor Konrad Nalecz Korzeniowski Merchant marine Languages Congo in 1890 Heart of Darkness (1899)

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Consequences of New Imperialism 1. ARMY OF OCCUPATION: Guns and plunder 2. AFRICAN SOCIETY a)DEATH b)RULES OF SOCIETY c)ECONOMY: World Map of GDP per capitaWorld Map of GDP per capita d)NEW BORDERS e)HUMILIATION

Consequences (cont.) 3. CULTURE 4. CONFLICT AMONGST IMPERIAL POWERS 5. ENCOURAGED EUROPEANS’ SENSE OF SUPERIORITY and RACISM