Chapter 8 States of Matter

Objectives SPI 0807.9.1 Recognize that all matter consists of atoms SPI 0807.9.6 Compare the particle arrangement and type of particle motion associated with different states of matter I can: Describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter. Explain the differences between the states of matter. Describe factors that affect how gases behave. Describe how energy is involved in changes of state Compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

States of Matter The physical forms in which a substance can exist Solid Liquid Gas Plasma I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Particles of Matter Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Very small Always in motion Always bumping into one another Interact with one another I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Solids (#81) Definite volume Definite shape Strong attraction between particles Do not move fast Particles are close together Particles vibrate in place I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Types of solids Crystalline-orderly, 3-D arrangement of particles Iron I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter. Types of solids Crystalline-orderly, 3-D arrangement of particles Iron Diamond Ice

Types of Solids 2. Amorphous-particles do not have any special arrangement, no pattern Glass Rubber Wax I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Liquids (#49) Definite volume No definite shape Takes the shape of its container Move fast enough to overcome some attraction b/t particles Particles slide past one another I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Liquid Characteristics Surface tension - force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid. Creates spherical drops like beads of water Different liquids have different surface tensions Low ST → flat drops High ST→ spherical drops I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Liquid Characteristics 2. Viscosity – liquid’s resistance to flow Slower flow → higher viscosity Faster flow → lower viscosity Ex: Honey is more viscous than water I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Gases (#37) No definite volume No definite shape Little attraction between particles Particles can break away completely from one another Move quickly Far apart Move independently of one another Large amount of empty space b/t particles I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Plasma Similar to gases No definite volume No definite shape I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter. Plasma Similar to gases No definite volume No definite shape Ionized gases (charged particles) Make up 99% of all matter in the universe Examples: Neon signs Lightning Sun Jupiter Stars Fire

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can explain the differences between the states of matter.

I can describe factors that affect how gases behave. Gas Properties Temperature (T) – measure of how fast particles in an object are moving Faster moving → more energy → gas expands → higher temp. slower moving → less energy → gas shrink → lower temp. Volume (V) – amt. of space object takes up Depends on container the gas is in Gas can be compressed or squeezed together into a smaller volume Pressure (P) – amt. of force exerted on a given area of surface High pressure → more particles → harder surface Low pressure → fewer particles → softer surface

Gas Behavior Laws Boyle’s Law Charles’s Law V is inversely proportional to P when T is constant P inc. → V dec. P dec. → V inc. Charles’s Law V is directly proportional to T of a gas when P is constant T inc. → V inc. T dec. → V dec. I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

Temp. Volume Pressure Boyle’s Inc. Dec. Charles’s I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

Temp. Volume Pressure Boyle’s Constant = Decrease ↓ Increase ↑ Charles’s I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

Changes of State Change of a substance from one physical form to another Physical change – identity of substance does not change To change state → add or remove energy Ex: ice, liquid water, and steam are all the same substance → WATER I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

Energy Endothermic (#30) – Energy is gained by the substance Energy is added Exothermic (#34) – Energy removed from substance I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

Changes of State Melting Freezing Melting Point = Freezing Point Solid to liquid Inc. T → particles move faster Endothermic – add energy Melting Point – T @ which object melts Ex.: ice melting Freezing Liquid to solid Exothermic – remove energy Freezing point – T @ which liquid changes to solid Ex.: water freezing Melting Point = Freezing Point I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

Changes of State Evaporation Condensation I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs. Changes of State Evaporation Liquid to gas Endothermic – add energy Boiling Point – T @ which liquid boils Ex.: steam Condensation Gas to liquid Exothermic – remove energy Condensation Point – T @ which gas becomes liquid Ex.: morning dew Boiling point = Condensation Point Sublimation Solid to gas ex.: dry ice

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state. I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.