Chapter 13: Mass Society and Democracy

Section 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity Differences between 2 Industrial Revolutions First Industrial Revolution: textiles, railroads, iron, and coal Second Industrial Revolution: steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

Steel replaced iron – useful in building lighter, smaller, and faster machines Electricity became the new form of energy – it could be converted to heat, light, and motion Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan: light bulb Factories could remain open 24hours/day Alexander Graham Bell: telephone in 1876 Guglielmo Marconi: radio waves across Atlantic in 1901

Development of internal-combustion engine provided a new source of power Ocean liners, airplanes, and automobiles were a result 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first flight in Kitty Hawk, NC By 1919, the first regular passenger air service was established **end of notes**

New Patterns Europeans could afford to buy more products Increased wages Lower prices of manufactured goods Reduced transportation costs for goods Europe was divided into 2 economic zones Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Germany, & northern Italy were advanced industrial countries Southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Russia were largely agricultural countries

Working Classes To improve their working conditions, they formed political parties and socialist trade unions Based on the thoughts and ideas of Karl Marx Wrote The Communist Manifesto which called for a new social system that would be classless One of his ideas of socialism would lead to communism

Most important socialist party was the German Social Democratic Party Elected delegates to parliament to help improve conditions for the working class Trade Unions Trade or labor unions were also created to improve working conditions Used strikes to raise wages, better working conditions, and gain the right of collective bargaining **end of notes**

Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society New Urban Environment More and more people lived in the cities The size of cities grew, especially in industrialized countries Ex: in London, the population grew from 960,000 to 6,500,000 between 1800 and 1900 Conditions in the city improved City medical officers, building inspectors, new water and drainage systems

Social Structure New Elite class: landed aristocrats, industrialists, bankers, merchants – they became the wealthy upper middle class Middle class Lawyers, doctors, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, etc… made up the middle middle class The lower middle class consisted of small shopkeepers, traders, peasants

New white-collar class: salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, secretaries – they were not highly paid but they followed the middle class ideals – believed in hard work and were concerned with the right way of doing things **end of notes**

Working Class: peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers, urban working class (skilled artisans and semi-skilled laborers), and the unskilled laborers

Women in Society The 2nd Industrial Revolution offered new job opportunities for women Industrial plants and retail shops needed clerks, typists, secretaries, and sales clerks They found jobs in the fields of education, health, and social services Women began having fewer children because of improved economic conditions and increased use of birth control.

Women’s Rights Women began fighting for equality Early efforts were not very successful; however, they did gain access to universities and occupations dominated by men Women entered the medical field by becoming nurses Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton transformed nursing into a profession of trained, middle-class women

During the 1840s and 1850s, women also wanted the right to vote This would not become a possibility in most areas until after World War I Education Between 1870 and 1914, most countries began establishing state-funded primary schools Factories needed trained workers Better-educated voters This led to increased literacy which would lead to the rise of newspapers.

New forms of leisure People now had shorter work days, weekends off, and some time off during the summer Amusement parks and team sports became popular forms of entertainment **end of notes**

Section 3: National State and Democracy Western Europe Great Britain: 2 party parliamentary system Liberal Party and the Conservative Party both were ruled by upper-middle class business people Passed laws that expanded the right to vote (all males over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30) Labour Party would emerge, dedicated to the interests of workers Helped bring about benefits for workers during sickness and unemployment

France: Third Republic Set up by a constitution Had a president and a 2 house legislature Failed to set up a successful parliamentary system Italy Lacked a sense of unity Poverty-stricken south and industrialized north Widespread corruption among government officials

Eastern Europe Germany: Imperial government with two-house legislature Chancellor Otto von Bismarck disagreed with a democracy Austria-Hungary: dual monarchy Austria – constitutional legislature but the emperor, Francis Joseph, largely ignored it Hungary – working parliament that was controlled by the landowners

Russia: absolute power of the tsar (czar) Nicholas II wanted to maintain complete power Increase in industrialization led to a revolution in 1905 Workers went to St. Petersburg to present a petition of grievances Troops opened fire on the peaceful demonstration Called “Bloody Sunday” (January 22, 1905) He created a legislative body called the Duma but eventually their power was shortened

North America United States 13th Amendment – abolished slavery 14th Amendment – gave African-Americans citizenship 15th Amendment – gave African-American males the right to vote By 1900, the U.S. was the world’s richest nation Expanded territory Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands (annexed in 1898), Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

Canada By 1870, consisted of four provinces: Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick In 1871, Manitoba and British Columbia would be added Unity was difficult because the French speaking and English speaking people didn’t trust each other It wouldn’t be until 1896 that these two groups would reconcile **end of notes**

Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness Reason, science, and progress were still important ideals. Universe was seen as a large machine, composed of solid material bodies called atoms. Marie Curie discovered that radium gave off energy and that atoms were little “active worlds” Albert Einstein provided a new theory of the universe – relativity: space and matter are not absolute but relative to the observer.

Sigmund Freud raised questions about the nature of the human mind. He believed that human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences and internal forces that the individual was unaware of. These hidden feelings influence behavior because they are a part of the unconscious. He developed psychoanalysis which allows the individual to probe into one’s memory to explain behaviors.

Anti-semitism is the hostility and discrimination of Jews Anti-semitism is the hostility and discrimination of Jews. Since the Middle Ages they have been mistreated because they have been portrayed as the murderers of Christ. In Russia, for example, they were forced to live in certain regions. Organized massacres, pogroms, occurred throughout eastern Europe.

During the 2nd Industrial Revolution, writers and artists would rebel against the traditional styles. The changes they called for resulted in an artistic movement known as modernism. Painting Impressionism: began when a group of artists rejected the traditional studios and worked outside. Claude Monet sought to capture the interplay of light, water, and sky. Other impressionist painters: Pierre Auguste Renoir and Berthe Morisot

Postimpressionism: interested in color and form over the naturalistic impressionism. Vincent Van Gogh, a famous postimpressionist painter, believed that the artist should paint what he feels.

Cubism was started by Pablo Picasso, who used geometric shapes and designs to recreate reality in the viewer’s mind.

Architecture Modernism in architecture gave rise to a principle called functionalism: idea that the buildings should be functional/useful and free from unnecessary ornamentation. U.S. led the way in this idea with two architects: Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright.