DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH SOUNDS

I. DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS A. Introduction

When we gather case histories…

II. INFANT SPEECH PRODUCTION Youtube Baby cooing (by Lamialockheart) (the video actually shows the phonation stage)

Owens, Farinella, & Metz 2015:

Owens, Metz, & Farinella, 2015: (continued)

Infraphonological Stage 1—Phonation--birth to 2 months

Infraphonological Stage 2

Infraphonological Stage 3

Infraphonological stage 4

Youtube talking twin babies (reduplicated babbling) Universal stages of language acquisition -- Variegated babbling Laura McGarrity

III. INTEGRATIVE STAGE** Onset of speech; may last till 18 mos. old, include first true words Jargon: meaningful words combined with nonmeaningful babbled sounds Gibberish: Sequenced but nonmeaningful syllables produced with adult-like prosody

IV. TRANSITION PERIOD: PROTOWORDS Adult speech babbling protowords

Protowords are

V. FIRST REAL WORDS: MEANINGFUL SPEECH** –1. Stable—consistently produced –2. Used in a particular stimulus context –3. Must resemble the adult form –4. predictable consequence (e.g., adult reaction)

Youtube example of real words 15 month old baby girl answers Mama's questions

VI. SOUND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT** A. Single Phonemes –Age of development: 50% of children produce sound accurately –Age of mastery: 75-90% of children produce sound accurately:

Mastery--I am very interested in this info for test 1

B. Consonant Clusters Information is contradictory Please know the bullet-pointed list of conclusions on p. 164

Consonant clusters

C. Vowels

VII. COMMON ERRORS A. Liquids B. Nasals

C. Alveolar and Palatal Fricatives and Affricates

D. Glides

E. Labial and Dental Fricatives

F. Stops

G. Consonant Clusters** Obstruents: stops, fricatives, affricates (everything except glides, liquids, and nasals) ***usually clusters are reduced to the obstruent*** Obstruent + /w/ clusters reduced to the obstruent t ɪ n/tw ɪ nkæk/kwæk Obstruent + /l/ clusters reduced to the obstruent fiŋ/fliŋgæd/glæd

In consonant clusters…

Obstruent + /r/ clusters ↓ to obstruent** ta ɪ /tra ɪ kik/krik Clusters with /s/ + consonant ↓ to /w/, nasal, or stop component of the cluster –wap/stapp ɪ t/sp ɪ tn ɪ f/sn ɪ f Three-member clusters (e.g., squirrel) usually ↓ to stop –piŋ/spriŋk ɜ : ʳ l/skw ɜ : ʳ l

VIII. INTELLIGIBILITY OF SPEECH By 5 years old, most typically-developing ch are nearly 100% understandable

Hilarious youtube video 5 year old tries to have a conversation with Siri Do you hear any speech sound errors?

please memo for test; p. 175)

IX. NORMAL DEVELOPMENT: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES** Researchers have boiled this down to processes disappearing and persisting after 3 years of age –This helps us know what to treat in therapy and what not to worry about

A. Processes Disappearing by 3 yrs.

B. Processes Persisting After 3 yrs.

Processes persisting after 3 (cont.)