© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Chapter 16 Criminal Behavior: A Psychological Approach/ Tenth Edition Substance Abuse, Alcohol, and Crime

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Summarize the effects of the psychoactive drugs that have been most connected to crime and delinquency Caution about and emphasize the many individual differences in reactions to drugs and alcohol Define and explain drug tolerance and dependence Examine closely the extent of juvenile substance and alcohol use CHAPTER 16 OBJECTIVES Note the illegal drugs mot commonly used by American culture Explain and discuss club drugs Focus on the effects and extent of marijuana use Sketch the relationship between alcohol abuse and crime and delinquency Explain the tripartite conceptual model and experimental substance use

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Juvenile Drug Use Associated with: Health problems Deviant and antisocial behavior High risk behaviors Poor academic performance Marijuana use increasing High school students are selling Males use more frequently than females

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Juvenile Drug Use

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Use, sale, manufacture, distribution, & possession of illegal drugs Pharmacological effects on user’s behavior in promoting criminal actions Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse Two Perspectives on Drugs and Crime

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 1.More individuals are incarcerated or held in jails and prisons for drug offenses than for any other offense, and this has contributed to burgeoning jail and prison populations 2.Arrestees frequently test positive for illicit drug use 3.Arrestees and incarcerated offenders were often under the influence of illicit drugs when they committed their offenses 4.Some offenders commit property crime to support their drug habit 5.Drug trafficking often engenders violent crime 6.The drug-crime relationship is difficult to identify and measure

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 1.More individuals are incarcerated or held in jails and prisons for drug offenses than for any other offense, and this has contributed to burgeoning jail and prison populations Implications for jail & prison overcrowding Change in sentencing laws related to drug offenses Community substance abuse treatment in lieu of incarceration Drug Courts

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 2. Arrestees frequently test positive for illicit drug use Arrestees Drug Abuse Monitoring II (ADAM II) 52-80% of arrestees tested positive for at lease one drug in system at time of arrest

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 3. Arrestees and incarcerated offenders were often under the influence of illicit drugs when they committed their offenses 2004 – Nearly 1/3 of state and 1/4 of federal prisoners committed offense under influence of drugs Criminal groups have drug preference

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 4. Some offenders commit property crime to support their drug habit

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 5. Drug trafficking often engenders violent crime Drug deals incite violence Rival organizations Gangs Buyers and sellers

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 6. The drug-crime relationship is difficult to identify and measure Complicated Interaction The chemical effect of the drug on the body The psychological characteristics of the person using the drug The psychosocial conditions under which the drug is taken Interactions a drug has with other drugs taken simultaneously

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse The Tripartite Conceptual Model Goldstein (1985) Three main types of drug related crime 1.Psychopharmacologically Driven Crime 2.Systemic Crime 3.Economically Compulsive

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Major Categories of Drugs Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Source: Drug Enforcement Administration (2005) Major Categories of Drugs

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Major Categories of Drugs ToleranceDependence

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Hallucinogens Marijuana Most popular drug in the U.S. Third most popular among juveniles Cannabis plant THC Synthetic marijuana Legal marijuana

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Hallucinogens Cannabis and Crime No evidence that it promotes violence Diminished psychomotor performance Interferes with judgment Increase in risk-taking

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Stimulants Amphetamines Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine Methamphetamine Most preferred by users Most health risks

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Stimulants Methamphetamine Injection Smoking Increased alertness Decreased appetite Ritalin Easily accessible to children and adolescents Over the counter cold medicines Cooked to make methamphetamine

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Hallucinogens PCP Perceptual distortions Hallucinations and delusions Unpredictable behavior Polydrug users

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Stimulants Cocaine Second most common illicit drug Increased alertness Improved concentration Mood elevation Nasal and cardiovascular side effects

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Stimulants Cocaine and Crime Speed runs Negative psychological effects in large doses No evidence it facilitates violent crime Systemic violence Distribution and selling

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Stimulants Ecstasy MDMA Synthetic drug Psychological side effects Confusion, depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, paranoia Physical side effects Tremors, nausea, sweating, blurred vision High-risk behavior

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Narcotic Drugs Heroin Central nervous system depressant Mental clouding, sublime contentment Relationship to money-producing crime OxyContin Pain management Most abuse of all prescription drugs Rural, suburban, white persons

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved The Club Drugs: Sedative Hypnotic Compounds

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Alcohol Responsible for more deaths and violence than all other drugs combined Psychological and physical dependence Social acceptability One-third of all offenders who committed violent crime were drinking No evidence that it causes violence

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Key Concepts Controlled Substance Dependence Drug Courts Experimental Substance Use Hallucinogens Natural Narcotics Opiate Narcotics Psychedelics Psychoactive Drugs Sedative-hypnotic Compounds Semisynthetic Narcotics Stimulants Synthetic Marijuana Synthetic Narcotics Tolerance Tripartite Conceptual Model