Applying the Ohio Risk Assessment to Misdemeanants

Purpose of Risk Assessment To provide a consistent means to assess offenders To provide a valid measure of risk To provide a measure of risk that can be used in decision making

Treatment Effects for Low Risk Offenders

Treatment Effects for High Risk Offenders

We have seen the Risk Principle with Females

Recidivism Rates

We have seen the Risk Principle with Sex Offenders

Recidivism Rates

ORAS Overview Pre-trial Tool Community Supervision Tool –Community Supervision Screening Tool Prison Intake Tool –Prison Intake Screening Tool Supplemental Reentry Tool Reentry Tool

CASE STUDY

Who Is More Likely to Reoffend? 1 st time DUI Drinking at a bar with friends Crossed the double yellow line.12 BA Employed Has a driver’s license States “The cop was just doing their job” “It is not ok to drink and drive” Family that supports sober lifestyle Friends got a cab 1 st time DUI Drinking at a bar with friends Crossed the double yellow line.12 BA Unemployed Driving w/o a license States “The cop was out to get me” Everyone gets one DUI Family who engages in alcohol use on a regular basis Friends played “who is the most sober” 11

Multiple DUIs/Domestic Violence Criminal History Family Education and Employment Neighborhoods Substance Abuse Peers Antisocial Attitudes

What Are the Barriers? Time High Demand Single Need Defendants/Offenders

Methods Identified individuals in the ORAS database that were assessed through Municipal Court Completed the full ORAS-CST Minimum of 11 month follow-up

Recidivism The Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway (OhLEG) was used to examine recidivism for each offender in the sample –Minor traffic violations (e.g., speeding) were excluded Recidivism was measured as arrest for a new crime –Later measures (e.g., convictions) need a longer follow- up period than 11 months –Arrests in the community allow CST to identify criminogenic needs that are likely to result in danger to the community

Participating Municipal Courts CourtN (%) Ashtabula Municipal Court15 (.78) Athens Co Municipal Court7 (.37) Bellefontaine Municipal Court22 (1.1) Bryan Municipal Court7 (.37) Canton Municipal Court303 (15.8) Champaign Co Municipal Court40 (2.1) Circleville Municipal Court127 (6.6) Clark Co Municipal Court36 (1.9) Clermont Co Municipal Court42 (2.2) Clinton Co Municipal Court95 (5.0) CourtN (%) Fairfield Municipal Court74 (3.9) Franklin Co Municipal Court57 (3.0) Fremont Municipal Court92 (4.8) Gallipolis Municipal Court135 (7.1) Greene Co Municipal Court40 (2.1) Licking Co Municipal Court105 (5.5) Mansfield Municipal Court20 (1.0) Marietta Municipal Court53 (2.8) Marion Municipal Court145 (7.6) Medina Municipal Court16 (.84)

Participating Municipal Courts – Continued CourtN (%) Mentor Municipal Court1 (.05) Monroe Municipal Court16 (.84) Morgan Co Municipal Court64 (3.3) Muskingum Co Municipal Court2 (.01) Newton Falls Municipal Court9 (.47) Norwalk Municipal Court51 (2.7) Painesville Municipal Court5 (.26) Sidney Municipal Court2 (.01) Steubenville Municipal Court6 (.31) Toledo Municipal Court34 (1.8) Washington CH Municipal Court213 (11.1) Willoughby Municipal Court70 (3.7) Zanesville Municipal Court10 (.52)

Counties Included in ORAS-MAT Validation* CountyN (%) Ashtabula27 (1.6) Champaign30 (1.7) Clark33 (1.9) Clermont32 (1.9) Clinton76 (4.4) Fairfield57 (3.3) Fayette157 (9.1) Franklin78 (4.5) Gallia106 (6.2) Greene29 (1.7) Huron40 (2.3) CountyN (%) Lake55 (3.2) Licking67 (3.9) Logan23 (1.3) Lucas31 (1.8) Marion118 (6.9) Morgan56 (3.3) Out of State23 (1.3) Pickaway123 (7.1) Sandusky81 (4.7) Stark260 (15.1) Washington43 (2.5) *Counties contributing < 20 cases: Adams, Allen, Athens, Belmont, Brown, Carroll, Crawford, Cuyahoga, Erie, Geauga, Hamilton, Henry, Highland, Hocking, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lawrence, Madison, Medina, Meigs, Monroe, Montgomery, Morrow, Muskingum, Noble, Ottawa, Perry, Pike, Portage, Richland, Ross, Seneca, Shelby, Summit, Trumbull, Tuscarawas, Union, Wayne, Williams, Wyandot

Courts were also Asked the Following Follow-Up Questions: What was the offender charged with (i.e., what brought the offender to your court)? Was the offender’s charge related to any of the following offenses: –DUI, Domestic Violence, Violence, Substance Abuse / Drugs If offender’s charge was related to substance use / drugs, identify type of drug: –Cocaine, Marijuana, Heroin, Prescription, Other (specify)

* Some variables do not total 1,722 due to missing data

Current Community Supervision Assessment (CST) Instrument 35 items across 7 domains Takes 45 minutes to complete (on average) Provides overall level of risk to reoffend Level of risk by domain (criminogenic needs) Developed on a range of offenders including misdemeanor and felony offenders

Current ORAS-CST Domains 1.Criminal History (6 items) 2.Education, Employment, and Finances (6 items) 3.Family and Social Support (5 items) 4.Neighborhood Problems (2 items) 5.Substance Use (5 items) 6.Peer Associations (4 items) 7.Criminal Attitudes and Behavioral Problems (7 items)

Validating the CST for Misdemeanor Offenders Only Examined the validity of full CST on a misdemeanor only population Modified cutoffs to best fit population

Overall CST Misdemeanor Offenders Only AUC =.613; r 2 =.194

ORAS-CST Intake Assessment

ORAS-CST Re-assessment Education and Employment

ORAS-CST Re-assessment Peer Association

ORAS-CST Re-assessment Substance Abuse

THE OHIO RISK ASSESSMENT SYSTEM-MISDEMEANANTS

Criminal History

EDUCATION

Education/Employment/Finance

FAMILY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT

Family and Social Support

NEIGHBORHOOD

Neighborhood

SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Substance Abuse

PEERS

Peers

ATTITUDES, VALUES, AND BELIEFS

Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs

OVERALL RISK LEVEL

Overall Risk Levels

Misdemeanor Assessment Tool New tool has 11 items Strongest predictors from CST Primary Factors: –Criminal History –Employment and Education –Drug use –Criminal Peers –Criminal Attitudes Approximately 15 minutes

ORAS-MAT Most Serious Arrest Under Age 18 –0 = None –1 = Yes, Misdemeanor –2 = Yes, Felony Number of Prior Adult Felony Convictions –0 = None –1 = One or Two –2 = Three or More Highest Education –0 = High School Graduate or Higher –1 = Less than High School or GED Ever Suspended or Expelled From School –0 = No –1 = Yes Currently Employed –0 = Yes, Full-time, Disabled, or Retired –1 = Not Employed, or Employed Part- Time Better Use of Time –0 = No, Most Time Structured –1 = Yes, Lots of Free Time Drug Use Caused Problems –0 = None –1 = Past –2 = Current Drug Use Caused Problems with Employment –0 = No –1 = Yes

ORAS-MAT Criminal Friends –0 = None –1 = Some –2 = Majority Contact with Past Criminal Peers –0 = No Contact with Criminal Peers –1 = At Risk of Contacting Criminal Peers –2 = Contact or Actively Seeks Out Criminal Peers Criminal Attitudes –0 = No/Limited Criminal Attitudes –1 = Some Criminal Attitudes –2 = Significant Criminal Attitudes

Misdemeanor Tool AUC =.620; r 2 =.208

ORAS-MAT: Males AUC =.628; r 2 =.226

ORAS-MAT: Females AUC =.600; r 2 =.181

ORAS MAT for DUI Drivers AUC =.597 Recidivism rate: Any re-arrest

ORAS MAT for DV Offenders AUC =.598 Re-Arrest for any reason

Misdemeanor Screening Tool 5 items –Criminal History (2 items) –Education –Drug Use –Criminal Attitudes Provides low and mod/high classification 7% False Negative rate

Misdemeanor Screening Tool Items Most Serious Arrest Under Age 18 –0 = None –1 = Yes, Misdemeanor –2 = Yes, Felony Number of Prior Adult Felony Convictions –0 = None –1 = One or Two –2 = Three or More Currently Employed –0 = Yes, Full-time, Disabled, or Retired –1 = Not Employed, or Employed Part-Time Drug Use Caused Problems –0 = None –1 = Past –2 = Current Criminal Attitudes –0 = No/Limited Criminal Attitudes –1 = Some Criminal Attitudes –2 = Significant Criminal Attitudes

Misdemeanor Screening Tool AUC =.631; r 2 =.210

Accuracy of Screener SCREENER LowModerate/High Low93.1%6.9% Moderate32.3%67.8% High0100%

EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF HEROIN AND OTHER DRUGS

Additional Data Collected Clermont Champaign Clark Fairfield Gallipolis Mansfield Marietta Marion Morgan Norwalk Toledo

Supplemental Data Additional data on 568 offenders Percentage of Offenders by Drug Type –Cocaine 7% –Heroin/Rx Pills33% –Marijuana5% –Alcohol/Other25% –None31%

Percent of Heroin/Prescription Users by Risk Level

Re-Arrest Rates by Risk Level for Heroin/Prescription Users

ORAS-MAT + Heroin/Rx Abuse for Males R 2 =.230; AUC =.620

ORAS-MAT + Heroin/Rx Abuse for Females R 2 =.185; AUC =.600

Next Steps Select tools to be utilized –MAT-Screener –MAT –CST Develop process for when/who completes assessment Train Staff Implement continuum of services based on assessment results Monitor/Quality Improvement