Endocrine System Juliet Chin & Amara Hopping Period 5

❖ A body system that includes: -glands -hormones that secrete from the glands ❖ The function of the system is to regulate the body’s cells and organs. (sexual reproductive system & metabolism) What is the Endocrine System?

❖ Homeostasis: a process which includes biological systems working to maintain stability, adapting to changing conditions in order to enhance chances for survival. ❖ Endocrine System: works to uphold homeostasis by either increasing or decreasing the activity of a specific organ. This is done by releasing hormones which alter metabolisms. Endocrine System & Homeostasis

❖ Key to maintaining homeostasis! ❖ A counteraction to high levels of a particular hormone in order to uphold homeostasis. ❖ Controls most endocrine glands. Negative Feedback Mechanism

1.Regulation of the blood calcium level ➢ The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone. ➢ The hormone regulates the amount of calcium in our blood and activates calcium release from the bones. 2. Decreasing parathyroid hormone ➢ When blood calcium levels are too high the parathyroid gland must diminish the amount of its hormone in order to reduce levels and maintain homeostasis. Negative Feedback Examples:

❖ Chemical messengers that are produced in the glands of the body. ❖ They signal activity in specific areas of the body (both local and body-wide). ❖ Three types: 1.Monoamines- based on a single amino acid 2.Peptides- growth hormones 3.Steroid Hormones- only produced in the adrenal cortex (also growth hormones) What are hormones?

❖ Allow for communication between cells and body parts. ❖ Activate changes in human behavior through pheromones. ❖ They are utilized to uphold homeostasis chemically throughout the body, secreting different hormones when necessary. Why do we have hormones?

Endocrine Glands

❖ Regulates the internal environment of the body through the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside of the brain and the spinal cord). ❖ Signals the production of hormones to pituitary gland. ❖ Example: ➢ Receives auditory stimulation from a baby’s cry→ anterior pituitary is stimulated to produce prolactin (PL) directed at the mammary glands→ breast milk is produced. Hypothalamus:

❖ Posterior Pituitary: vital for childbirth and inducing contractions in order to help the baby be pushed out. ➢ Oxytocin is released to stimulate uterine contraction. ❖ Anterior Pituitary: functions include thyroid stimulating (TSH) and adrenal cortex stimulation by the way of adrenocorticotropic (ACTH). ➢ These then signal to several hormones to induce many actions. Pituitary:

❖ Produces melatonin to induce sleep. ❖ Controls circadian and circannual rhythms. Pineal:

❖ Produces triiodothyronine (T3) ➢ Regulates the body’s metabolism and thyroxine (T4) which regulates growth and development. Thyroid:

❖ Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH). ❖ PTH signals osteoclasts in order to release calcium from the bones and then also signals the kidneys to reabsorb the calcium so that it is not released into the body. Parathyroid:

❖ Produces thymosins, which help mature lymphocytes from bone marrow into T lymphocytes “killer T cells.” Thymus:

❖ Adrenal Medulla: ➢ Produces fast, short term body changes by releasing epinephrine (adrenaline) ➢ Signals an increase heartbeat and blood pressure, releasing glucose, which gives energy. ❖ Adrenal Cortex: ➢ Produces a long term response to stress ➢ Mineralocorticoids signal to the kidney to reabsorb sodium ions and water, which causes blood volume and pressure to increase. Adrenal:

❖ Regulates glucose levels in the body. ❖ Releases insulin when there is high blood pressure. ❖ Insulin increases the amount of glucose that a cell takes in, processes, and uses. ❖ Balances sugar levels in the body. Pancreas:

❖ Females: ➢ Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone that produce female characteristics. ❖ Males: ➢ Testes produce androgens (testosterone) which are increased in production during puberty. Gonads (Sex Glands):

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

❖ A hormonal disorder ❖ Liver cells are unable to take in glucose naturally. ❖ The pancreas does not produce insulin What is Type 1 Diabetes?

❖ High blood sugar ➢ Urinating a lot ➢ Constant thirst ➢ Weight loss ➢ Increased hunger ➢ Blurry vision ➢ Constant tiredness ❖ Believed to be caused by an environmental agent which causes cytotoxic T cells to destroy the pancreatic islets. Signs and Symptoms:

❖ Approximately 80 people are diagnosed each day in the U.S. ❖ Up to 3 million Americans may have the disease. Statistics:

❖ People with the disease balance insulin doses by either shot injections multiple times a day, or wear a pump which infuses insulin into their bodies throughout the day. ❖ Throughout the day they must prick their fingers for blood and test their blood-glucose level. ❖ Extreme highs or lows can be life threatening. ❖ There is no cure. Treatment Options:

Type 1 Diabetes Kit & Insulin Pump

Any Questions?

❖ Mader, Sylvia S. Biology. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.Print. ❖ “Endocrine System.” InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May ❖ Zimmermann, By Kim Ann. “Endocrine System: Facts, Functions and Diseases.” LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 20 Nov Web.26 May ❖ PICTURES: ➢ 0Site.jpg?h=550&w= Site.jpg?h=550&w=701 ➢ ➢ y/Pituitary%20gland.jpg y/Pituitary%20gland.jpg ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ Bibliography: