10/06/2015radiation safety - level 51 Radiation safety level 5 Frits Pleiter

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 52 Contents  atomic and nuclear physics(1)  interaction with matter(3) o sources and x-ray equipment (2) o shielding (3) o detection (4) o radiobiology (6) objective risk of radiation (6) subjective risk acceptation (6)  quantities and units(5)  regulations(7) o practical health physics (8 - 10) o waste (11)

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 53 Sources and x-ray equipment discovery of radioactivity Henri Becquerel In 1896 Henri Becquerel was experimenting with a uranium salt. At the end of the day, he used to put the uranium salt in a cupboard, next to some photographic material wrapped in brown paper. On a day he noticed that the photographic material had been exposed at a spot close to the uranium salt.

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 54 Sources and x-ray equipment definition of a sealed source radioactive substances that are either embedded in or affixed to solid carrier material or enclosed by surrounding material in such a way that the carrier material or the enclosure offers sufficient resistance to prevent, under normal conditions of use, any dispersion of the radioactive substances

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 55 Sources and x-ray equipment applications of sealed sources measurements or investigations welds in pipelines 192 Ir, 60 Co TBq thickness of steel 137 Cs, 241 Am10 GBq thickness of cigarettes 90 Sr / 90 Y40 MBq - 40 GBq filling heights 137 Cs, 60 Co GBq chemical analysis x-ray fluorescence 241 Am, 57 Co40 MBq - 40 GBq gas chromatography 63 Ni400 MBq medical applications brachytherapy 90 Sr / 90 Y, 125 I2 MBq brachytherapy 137 Cs, 192 Ir MBq

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 56 Sources and x-ray equipment ISO 2919 sealed sources may be tested for the following 5 properties 1.temperature and thermic shock 2.pressure 3.mechanical shock 4.vibration 5.puncture classification runs from 1 (not tested) till 6 (most stringent test) gas chromatography 63 NiC32211 industrial radiography 192 IrC43313 source with code C11111 has not been tested, but may be used

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 57 Sources and x-ray equipment applications of open sources (bio)chemical analysis labelling 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 125 I1 MBq - 10 GBq medical diagnostics bone, heart 99m Tc500 MBq lungs 83 Kr600 MBq thyroid 123 I20 MBq tumor 111 In MBq PET 11 C, 13 N, 15 O  500 MBq medical therapy hyperactive thyroid 131 I100 MBq - 1 GBq thyroid tumor 131 I2 - 6 GBq

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 58 Sources and x-ray equipment applications of open sources angioscan using 99m Tc cross-sections through the heart left:septum right:wall of left atrium and ventricle bottom:apex dark spot at the bottom points to a bad blood circulation in the apex

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 59 Sources and x-ray equipment discovery of X-rays Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen In 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discoverd a magic radiation that could penetrate solid objects. He called them x-rays, since they were a real mystery to him. If the emerging x-rays hit photographic material, a picture could be made of the inside such as the bones of a hand or the contents of a suitcase.

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 510 Sources and x-ray equipment x-ray tube negative cathode positive anode electron acceleration electron deceleration  (a lot of) heat bremsstrahlung characteristic x-ray radiation dose rate > 10 Gy/s possible ! scattered radiation intensity is about a factor of 1000 smaller

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 511 Sources and x-ray equipment x-ray spectrum a)bremsstrahlung b)characteristic x-ray radiation c)radiation emerging from the tube d)radiation after extra filtering

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 512 Sources and x-ray equipment x-ray spectrum intensity of bremsstrahlung increases with: increasing anode voltage increasing anode current increasing Z-value of anode material decreasing filter thickness intensity of characteristic x-ray radiation increases with: increasing anode voltage increasing anode current decreasing filter thickness energy of bremsstrahlung increases with: increasing anode voltage energy of characteristic x-ray radiation increases with: increasing Z-value of anode material

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 513 Sources and x-ray equipment applications of X-rays bitewing

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 514 Sources and x-ray equipment applications of x-rays CT-scan

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 515 Sources and x-ray equipment examples of x-ray equipment

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 516 Sources and x-ray equipment neutrons neutron = neutral particle interaction with atomic nuclei maximum energy transfer in collision of particles with equal masses good shielding material: paraffinH 2 -C waterH 2 -O concretechemically bound crystal water bad shielding material: lead leave safety measures to a real expert

10/06/2015radiation safety - level 517 Sources and x-ray equipment NORM NORM = naturally occuring radioactive materials examples: uranium + daughters thorium + daughters potassium sometimes everywhere (radon in dwellings) sometimes very large amounts with very low concentration sometimes subject to Decree Radiation Protection oil and gass industry produce 210 Pb containing waste