Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Applied Child & Adolescent Development Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Conceptions of Adolescence Biological perspective puberty puberty storm and stress storm and stress Freud – genital stage Freud – genital stage Social perspective social and cultural influences social and cultural influences Balanced point of view both biological and social influences both biological and social influences Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Three Phases of Adolescence Early 11–12 to 14 years Rapid pubertal change Middle 14 to 16 years Puberty nearly complete Late 16 to 18 years Full adult appearance Full adult appearance Anticipation of adult roles Anticipation of adult roles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hormonal Changes in Puberty Estrogens more in girls adrenal estrogensAndrogens more in boys testosterone Growth hormone and thyroxine increase around age 8–9. ©Camille Bruggner/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence BoysGirls Growth spurt starts age 12½ starts age 10 Proportions shoulders broaden, longer legs hips broaden Muscle–fat makeup gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency gain more fat

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Decline in Physical Activity from Ages 9 to 15 Figure 11.2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sexual Maturation Primary Sexual Characteristics Maturation of the reproductive organs girls: menarche girls: menarche boys: spermarche boys: spermarche Secondary Sexual Characteristics Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity girls: breasts boys: facial hair, voice change both: underarm hair

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty Heredity Nutrition, exercise body fat, leptin in girls body fat, leptin in girls Geographical location SES Ethnic group Early family experiences Secular trends Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Brain Development Pruningcontinues. Frontal lobes Cognitive advances attention attention planning planning integrating information integrating information self-regulation self-regulation Growth and myelination speed up. Strengthen connections among regions Neurotransmitter response changes. More sensitive to excitatory messages Intensifies reactions to stress stress pleasure, novelty pleasure, novelty

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sleep Habits in Adolescence Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later biological “phase delay” biological “phase delay” social habits social habits Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention, emotion lower achievement lower achievement mood problems mood problems high-risk behaviors high-risk behaviors

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reactions to Puberty Girls Surprise Surprise More positive than in past More positive than in past Preparation, information help Preparation, information help Father’s involvement helps Father’s involvement helps Ethnic variations Ethnic variations Boys Mixed reactions Mixed reactions Sooner than expected Sooner than expected Preparation helps Preparation helps Could benefit from telling people Could benefit from telling people

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Moodiness More negative life events Stronger responses Mood swings related to daily events cultural scripts ©Joe Mercier/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Emotions Across the Week Figure 11.3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Parent–Child Relationships During Adolescence Rise in conflict adaptive behavior psychological distancing different views of teen readiness for responsibility Most conflict is mild. also affection, support

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Consequences of Timing of Puberty GirlsBoys Early Maturing Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence More deviant behavior More deviant behavior Negative body image Negative body image More long-term problems More long-term problems Popular Popular Confident, independent Confident, independent Positive body image Positive body image Late Maturing Popular Popular Sociable, lively, school leaders Sociable, lively, school leaders Positive body image Positive body image Unpopular Unpopular Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking Negative body image Negative body image

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors in Reactions to Timing of Puberty Physical attractiveness – body image girls: most want to be thinner, smaller girls: most want to be thinner, smaller boys: most want to be bigger boys: most want to be bigger Fitting in with peers prefer similar level prefer similar level of physical maturity ©Isabel Poulin/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nutrition in Adolescence Calorie needs increase. Poor food choices common less fruits, vegetables less fruits, vegetables less milk, breakfast less milk, breakfast more soda, fast food more soda, fast food Iron, vitamin deficiencies Eating with family can help. Discourage fad diets. ©Monkey Business Images/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Eating Disorders Severe dieting strong indicator Family relationships Cultural pressure anorexia nervosa  starve out of fear of getting fat  difficult to treat bulimia nervosa  strict diet and exercise, then binge and purge  more common, easier to treat Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Sexuality North American attitudes restrictive media contradicts family messages media contradicts family messages abstinence programs abstinence programs more liberal over past 40 years more liberal over past 40 years most say premarital sex OK for most say premarital sex OK for committed partners committed partners Activity matches attitudes rates declining since 1990s rates declining since 1990s few partners few partners Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Talking to Adolescents About Sex Foster open communication. Foster open communication. Use correct terms. Use correct terms. Listen, discuss, collaborate. Listen, discuss, collaborate. Think before talking. Think before talking. Keep conversations going. Keep conversations going. The Internet can be a hazardous educator. The Internet can be a hazardous educator.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sexually Active Adolescents Figure 11.4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Contraceptive Use Recent increase in use But many Americans, Canadians do not use Reasons for not using: concern about image adolescent risk-taking social environment forced intercourse unrealistic about consequences Figure 11.5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Personal  Early puberty  Tendency to violate norms  Little religious involvement Family  Step, single-parent, or large family  Weak parental monitoring, parent–child communication Peer  Sexually active friends or siblings Educational  Poor school performance  Low educational goals

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sequence of Coming Out Feeling different ages 6–12 ages 6–12Confusion ages 11–15 Self-acceptance timing varies Gay Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescents and STDs Adolescents highest STD rate high rate in United States high rate in United States 1 in 6 teens, among sexually active 1 in 6 teens, among sexually active AIDS most serious manifests 8–10 years later manifests 8–10 years later often infected during adolescence often infected during adolescence Females more easily infected Education improving Teens and Young Adults

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Statistics Teens pregnant each year 750,000–850,000 (25,000 under age 15) (25,000 under age 15) Percent of teen pregnancies ended with abortion 40% Percent of teen mothers who are unmarried 86% Repeat teen births 35% within two years

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Risks for Teen Mothers Less educational achievement More time as single parents Economic problems Pregnancy and birth complications Lack of parenting skills

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Pregnancy Rates Among 15- to 19-Year-Olds Figure 11.6

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Help for Teen Pregnancy Prevention Strategies more sex education more sex education skills for handling sexual situations skills for handling sexual situations promoting abstinence promoting abstinence information and access to contraceptives information and access to contraceptives academic and social competence academic and social competence school involvement school involvement Intervention with Teenage Parents health care help staying in school job and life-management training parenting instruction adult mentors affordable child care father support

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Parenthood Mother’s age at childbirth strong predictor of next generation’s age at childbirth strong predictor of next generation’s age at childbirth Not inevitable, but linked to home environment, parenting home environment, parenting intelligence, education intelligence, education father’s absence father’s absence Absolute Family

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Substance Use Have tried, by grade 10: cigarettes – 40% cigarettes – 40% alcohol – 63% alcohol – 63% illegal drugs – 38% illegal drugs – 38% By end of high school: 17% smoke regularly 17% smoke regularly 28% recent heavy drinking 28% recent heavy drinking 40%+ tried illegal drugs 40%+ tried illegal drugs Figure 11.7

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adolescent Substance Abusers Compared to experimenters: more antisocial, impulsive acts more antisocial, impulsive acts start earlier start earlier more likely to be affected by more likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factors genetic and environmental factors low SES low SES family drug use family drug use family difficulties family difficulties physical, sexual abuse physical, sexual abuse poor school performance poor school performance DigitalVision

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Prevention and Treatment Best school and community programs: promote effective parenting teach skills to resist peer pressure reduce social acceptability of drugs commit adolescents to drug-free lifestyles ©Christina Deridder/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage Propositional thought evaluating the logic of verbal propositions Hypothetico-deductive reasoning deducing hypotheses from a general theory deducing hypotheses from a general theory pendulum problem pendulum problem

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Piaget’s Pendulum Problem Figure 11.8

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Follow-Up Research on Formal Operational Thought School-age children start developing abstract thinking skills. problems with propositional thinking problems with propositional thinking logical necessity logical necessity Formal operations may not be universal. training, context contribute training, context contribute often fall back on easier thinking often fall back on easier thinking schooling essential factor schooling essential factor Formal operations may not be universal. training, context contribute training, context contribute often fall back on easier thinking often fall back on easier thinking schooling essential factor schooling essential factor

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Information-Processing Improvements in Adolescence Attention Attention Inhibition Inhibition Memory strategies Memory strategies Knowledge Knowledge Metacognition Metacognition Cognitive self-regulation Cognitive self-regulation Processing capacity Processing capacity Speed of thinking Speed of thinking Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Scientific Reasoning Coordinating theory with evidence Improves with age from childhood through adulthood from childhood through adulthood individuals vary individuals vary Contributing factors: working memory capacity working memory capacity exposure to complex problems exposure to complex problems metacognitive understanding metacognitive understanding open-mindedness open-mindedness Photodisc

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Scientific Reasoning Task Figure 11.9

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Consequences of Abstract Thought Self-consciousness and self-focusing imaginary audience imaginary audience sensitivity to criticism sensitivity to criticism personal fable personal fable Idealism and criticism Planning and decision making inexperience inexperience overwhelming options overwhelming options

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sex Differences in Mental Abilities SkillPerformance Biological Influences Environmental Influences Verbal Girls do better from early ages, throughout school Girls do better from early ages, throughout schoolGirls: advantage in left hemisphere of brain Parents talk more to girls Parents talk more to girls Language arts considered “feminine” Language arts considered “feminine” Math Boys better at abstract reasoning Boys better at abstract reasoning Gap larger at higher levels, although shrinking Gap larger at higher levels, although shrinkingBoys: better numerical memory, spatial reasoning Math considered “masculine” Math considered “masculine” Parents see boys as better at math Parents see boys as better at math

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gender Differences in Reading and Writing Figure 11.10

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. School Transitions in Adolescence Grades decline with each transition. higher standards higher standards less supportive teaching– learning environment less supportive teaching– learning environment Lower self-esteem more with 6–3–3 organization than 8–4 more with 6–3–3 organization than 8–4 girls more than boys girls more than boys Corbis Images

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. School Transitions and Students with Problems Figure 11.12

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions Parental involvement, monitoring Smaller units within schools Homeroom teacher relationships Classes with familiar peers Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Supporting Academic Achievement Child-rearing practices authoritative authoritative joint decision making joint decision making parent–school partnerships parent–school partnerships School characteristics classroom learning experiences classroom learning experiences teaching teaching tracking tracking Peer influences value high achievement value high achievement Employment schedule vocational education vocational education Peer influences value high achievement value high achievement Employment schedule vocational education vocational education DigitalVision

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. High School Graduation Rates Figure 11.13

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dropout Rates by Ethnicity Figure 11.14

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dropout Prevention Strategies address factors in students’ lives outside school address factors in students’ lives outside school Extracurricular activities High-quality vocational training Remedial instruction Personalized counseling High-quality vocational training Remedial instruction Personalized counseling DigitalVision

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Benefits of Extracurricular Activities Less antisocial behavior Improved family relationships Academic performance Social skills, peer acceptance Self-esteem, confidence Academic performance Social skills, peer acceptance Self-esteem, confidence Sports and Recreation