Relationship between health self- efficacy and health care education Researchers: Katie Cossette, MSOT/S’15 Stacey Dahm, MSOT/S’15 Stephanie Flower, MSOT/S’15 Susan Goedeken, MSOT/S’15 Merissa Harkema, OTD/S’16 Researchers: Katie Cossette, MSOT/S’15 Stacey Dahm, MSOT/S’15 Stephanie Flower, MSOT/S’15 Susan Goedeken, MSOT/S’15 Merissa Harkema, OTD/S’16

Problem Poor health behaviors are a significant contributor to illness and mortality. 3 out of the 4 leading causes of death are heavily influenced by daily choices and behaviors (Hoyert & Xu, 2012) 1 million deaths per year in the U.S. can be attributed to tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet and alcohol use (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008) Poor health behaviors are a significant contributor to illness and mortality. 3 out of the 4 leading causes of death are heavily influenced by daily choices and behaviors (Hoyert & Xu, 2012) 1 million deaths per year in the U.S. can be attributed to tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet and alcohol use (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008)

How can we address poor health behaviors? Health self-efficacy: a person’s belief that she or he can successfully perform activities which will influence her or his health Preliminary evidence suggests that education and knowledge can lead to higher health self-efficacy (Hawkes & Holm, 1993) Who has high health self-efficacy? Do people working in healthcare fields believe they can change their state of health? Health self-efficacy: a person’s belief that she or he can successfully perform activities which will influence her or his health Preliminary evidence suggests that education and knowledge can lead to higher health self-efficacy (Hawkes & Holm, 1993) Who has high health self-efficacy? Do people working in healthcare fields believe they can change their state of health?

Purpose: To determine if the health self-efficacy of healthcare students and practitioners is significantly different from that of adults studying and working in other fields. Importance: Health care providers play an influential role in the health behaviors of their clients. Hypothesis: Adults working or studying in the field of healthcare will have higher health self-efficacy than adults working and studying in other fields. Purpose: To determine if the health self-efficacy of healthcare students and practitioners is significantly different from that of adults studying and working in other fields. Importance: Health care providers play an influential role in the health behaviors of their clients. Hypothesis: Adults working or studying in the field of healthcare will have higher health self-efficacy than adults working and studying in other fields. Purpose and Hypothesis

Methods: Subjects Participants: 154 individuals took the survey,137 were included in the study, recruited via Facebook and Demographics: Age: years old, mean age years Participants: 154 individuals took the survey,137 were included in the study, recruited via Facebook and Demographics: Age: years old, mean age years NAge Mean (SD)% Female Student Health Care (1.49)86 Student Non-Health Care (3.26)74 Worker Health Care (4.56)79 Worker Non-Health Care (4.18)70

Methods: Outcome Measures Outcome Measures: Health-Specific Self-Efficacy Scales by Schwarzer and Renner Measures health self-efficacy related to nutrition (5 questions), physical exercise (5 questions) and alcohol resistance (3 questions) For Physical Exercise the survey asks: How certain are you that you could overcome the following barriers? I can manage to carry out my exercise intentions… Even when I have worries and problems Even when I feel depressed Even when I feel tense Even when I am tired Answers on an ordinal scale: very uncertain (1), rather uncertain (2), rather certain (3), very certain (4)

Statistical Analysis To compare aggregate means across groups: Independent measures T-test– compare means between individuals in HC and individuals not in HC 1-way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post-hoc test—compare means between four groups: HC student, HC worker, Non HC student, Non HC worker To compare the three components (nutrition, exercise, alcohol resistance) between individuals in HC and individuals not in HC: Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test To compare aggregate means across groups: Independent measures T-test– compare means between individuals in HC and individuals not in HC 1-way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post-hoc test—compare means between four groups: HC student, HC worker, Non HC student, Non HC worker To compare the three components (nutrition, exercise, alcohol resistance) between individuals in HC and individuals not in HC: Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test

Results: Aggregate Health Self-efficacy MSDSignificance Health Care (72) Non Health Care (65) Table 2 T-Test Independent T-test between Health Care and Non-Health Care Groups Post hoc Tukey test: Significant difference between HC Student and NonHC Worker, p=0.026

NutritionExerciseAlcohol HCNonHCHCNonHCHCNonHC Mean Rank Significance Results: Comparison between components of health self-efficacy Mann Whitney U Test

Results: Comparison between components of health self-efficacy * * p<0.05

Discussion Hypothesis Supported Individuals in the health care field have higher health self-efficacy Support for Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2004) Core determinants of self-efficacy: Knowledge Outcomes expectations Active vs. passive information gathering Active correlated with high SE re: physical activity (Hirvonen et. al, 2012)

Limitations Convenience Sample: friends, family High proportion of females Possible response bias Survey may not have addressed all health behaviors

Clinical Implications Health self-efficacy linked with behavior Clinicians are aware of potential differences in health self-efficacy between themselves and their clients

Future Research Difference in actual health behaviors of population? Causality? Knowledge  high self-efficacy? People with high self-efficacy choose health care?

Summary / Conclusions There is a significant difference in overall health self-efficacy between those in the health care field and individuals who work and study in other fields Nutrition was the only area of significant difference The largest difference in health self-efficacy was between health care students and non-health care workers There is a significant difference in overall health self-efficacy between those in the health care field and individuals who work and study in other fields Nutrition was the only area of significant difference The largest difference in health self-efficacy was between health care students and non-health care workers