The attractor mechanism, C-functions and aspects of holography in Lovelock gravity Mohamed M. Anber November HET bag-lunch
Outline Introduction: the attractor mechanism Lovelock gravity The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D Entropy and C-function in Einstein gravity Entropy and C-functions in Lovelock gravity Covariant formulation and Raychadhuri’s equation
Introduction Black holes radiate: Bekenstein-Hawking entropy Many approaches to count the number of states: still open question Quantum gravity may be the resolution to this problem String theory may be the way toward quantum gravity: black holes in string theory
Introduction Black holes in string theory: string theory or M-theory Compactified to lower dimensions, Torous, Calabi Yau The right entropy for SUSY black holes!! Calabi Yau Moduli fields: massless and dangerous. Far from the BH, moduli can take a range of continuous values. CAN ENTROPY DEPEND ON THIS BIZARRE BEHAVIOUR? The answer is No!!, Resolution is the attractor mechanism Near horizon
Introduction What is the attractor mechanism? All moduli fields are attracted to the same value at the horizon irrespective of their values at asymptotic infinity. Entropy depends only on few parameters : Mass, angular momentum and not on the value of these moduli at infinity Attractor position Damped pendulum
Introduction Is there a similar behavior for the non-supersymmetric case? Yes!! Proven for classical Einstein gravity in 4-D and 5-D.
Outline Introduction: the attractor mechanism Introduction: the attractor mechanism Lovelock gravity The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D Entropy and C-function in Einstein gravity Entropy and C-functions in Lovelock gravity Covariant formulation and Raychadhuri’s equation
Lovelock gravity Possibility for higher dimensional space!! The most general second order gravity in higher dimensional space. It contains Gauss-Bonnet term: the result of compactifying certain string theories.
Lovelock gravity Pure Lovelock of order m Einstein Gravity Not all terms survive in a given dimension: D=5, only m=2 (Gauss-Bonnet) survive, m=3 is a topological term
Lovelock gravity Equation of motion General Lovelock gravity: sum over all m
Outline Introduction: the attractor mechanism Introduction: the attractor mechanism Lovelock gravity Lovelock gravity The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D Entropy and C-function in Einstein gravity Entropy and C-functions in Lovelock gravity Covariant formulation and Raychadhuri’s equation
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity M. Anber and D. Kastor JHEP 0710:084,2007 Phenomenological Lagrangian Spherically symmetric solution
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity Equations of motion Point like electric charge
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity Effective potential Moduli field equation A solution: constant V_eff \phi
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity Attractor: positive The procedure for testing the attractor 1-Start with 2-Find black hole solution using
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity 3-Use perturbation theory to find the perturbed solution for the moduli fields about near the horizon 4-Use the perturbed Value of the moduli as a source to the Correction of a and b
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity 5-Use numerical technique to test if the solution is singularity free up to infinity
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity Black hole solution at Extremal : near horizon Specific model of the potential
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity Perturbation of Same attractor behavior for a(r) and b(r)
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity Numerical Results
The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Non-Extremal black hole: No Attractor !!
Outline Introduction: the attractor mechanism Introduction: the attractor mechanism Lovelock gravity Lovelock gravity The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D Entropy and C-function in Einstein gravity Entropy and C-functions in Lovelock gravity Covariant formulation and Raychadhuri’s equation
Entropy: Revisited Entropy in Lovelock gravity (Myers and Jacobson 1993) Any possible connection with quantum field theory? ‘t Hooft and Susskind, Holographic principle in Einstein gravity ( Given a closed surface, we can represent all that happens inside it by degrees of freedom on this surface itself.) Manifestation of the holographic principle AdS/CFT (Maldacena 1998)
Entropy: Revisited Conformal description of horizon’s states (Solodukhin 1999) Use the near horizon coordinates (x-x_h) 5- The resulting near horizon theory is conformal
Entropy: Revisited 6-Use the light cone coordinates 7- Define Virasoro generators 8- Calculate Poisson’s bracket 9- quantize the calculations extension to Lovelock gravity (Cvitan, Pallua and Prester 2002)
C-functions in 2-D field theories C-functions in the renormalization group flow in 2- D quantum field theories (Zamolodchikov 1986) C-function is a function of the coupling of the theory that is monotonically increasing with energy. For fixed points of the flow, corresponding to the extrema of this function, the C-function reduces to the central charge of Virasoro algebra E C
Holographic C-functions AdS/CFT (Avarez, Gomez 1999, Susskind and Witten 1998) r AdS C(r )
C-functions in asymptotically flat Einstein gravity C-functions in spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat spacetime (Goldstein et al 2006) C-function (null energy condition is satisfied)
C-functions in asymptotically flat Einstein gravity Conditions for the C-function 1-It can be evaluated on any spherical surface concentric with The horizon 2-When evaluated on the horizon of a black hole it equals its entropy 3-If certain physical conditions and certain boundary conditions are satisfied, then C is a non-decreasing function along the outward radial direction Can we find similar functions in Lovelock gravity?
Outline Introduction: the attractor mechanism Introduction: the attractor mechanism Lovelock gravity Lovelock gravity The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D Entropy and C-function in Einstein gravity Entropy and C-function in Einstein gravity Entropy and C-functions in Lovelock gravity Covariant formulation and Raychadhuri’s equation
C-function in Lovelock gravity (pure) (M. Anber and D. Kastor, in progress) Spherically symmetric metric in D=n+2 dimensions Particular combination
C-function in Lovelock gravity (pure) we obtain Constraints : only local maxima, asymptotically flat. Result: b(r) is monotonic
C-function in Lovelock gravity (pure) But the C-function has to reduce to entropy when evaluated on horizon C-function of the first kind
C-function in Lovelock gravity (pure) C-function of the second kind!! Proof outline: 1- take the derivative w.r.t r and use equations of motion to simplify the result 2- Existing of extrema require that one finds a solution for dC/dr 3-There is no solution (m=even!!)
C-function in Lovelock gravity (general) General C-functions of the first kind Proof of monotonicity: No solution for C’=0.
C-function in Lovelock gravity (general) General C-functions of the second kind: Difficult to prove the monotonocity for general theory (general polynomial) We can proove the monotonicity for Gauss-Bonnet gravity
C-function in Lovelock gravity (general) Physical interpretation of two different C-functions!! More C-Functions are possible??
Outline Introduction: the attractor mechanism Introduction: the attractor mechanism Lovelock gravity Lovelock gravity The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D The attractor mechanism in Gauss-Bonnet gravity in 5-D Entropy and C-function in Einstein gravity Entropy and C-function in Einstein gravity Entropy and C-functions in Lovelock gravity Entropy and C-functions in Lovelock gravity Covariant formulation and Raychadhuri’s equation
Raychadhuri’s equation Einstein gravity Raychadhuri’s equation Covariant holography Singularity theorems Covariant C-function Second law of thermo- dynamics n
Raychadhuri’s equation Can we find appropriate to generalize Raychadhuri’s equation to the Lovelock gravity?
Summary and Conclusion We have discussed the Attractor mechanism: Gauss-Bonnet gravity (Many other theories are investigated). What about brane-wrold scenarios? C-functions in Lovelock gravity: two kinds!!. Physical interpretation (CFT??) C-functions in Randall-Sundrum model ( with Gauss-Bonnet term)? Covariant formulation of holographic principle in Lovelock gravity and generalized Raychadhuri’s equation.
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