WHAT IS SOCIAL STRATIFICATION? RELATIONSHIPS OF DOMINANCE AND DEPENDENCE POWER, STATUS, RESOURCES RELATIONAL NOT INDIVIDUAL VARIES ACROSS DIFFERENT ROLES

ORIGINS IN MARX HOW DOMINANCE AND SUBORDINATION REFLECT ECONOMIC POSITION RESOLUTION ONLY WITH TOTAL EQUALITY - COMMUNISM

PRIMATES PRIMATE STUDIES SHOW IMPORTANCE OF STRAT. DEPENDENT MONKEYS HAVE MORE STRESS HORMONES AND LESS SEROTONIN DOMINANT MONKEYS HAVE FEWER STRESS HORMONES AND MORE SEROTONIN

CAUSE AND EFFECT CAUSATION - SOCIAL POSITION PRECEDES M.I. SELECTION - M.I. PRECEDES SOCIAL POSITION

CAUSE AND EFFECT? SELECTION OR SOCIAL CAUSATION? PREVIOUSLY DOMINANT MONKEYS HAVE WORSE MENTAL HEALTH WHEN BECOME SUBORDINATE NEWLY DOMINANT MONKEYS IMPROVE MENTAL HEALTH MENTAL HEALTH FUNCTION OF SOCIAL POSITION

IMPORTANCE INCOME JOBS GENDER ROLES

?s ABOUT INCOME Best indicator of status in our society Continuous or Dichotomous? Cause or Effect? Different Impact on Different Disorders?

INCOME AND M.I. (NCS) INCOME DEPRESSIONANXIETY 0 – 

INCOME AND M.I. INCOME S.U. ANY> ONE >

NON-PSYCHOTIC LOWEST INCOME ALWAYS WORST HIGHEST INCOME ALWAYS BEST SOMETIMES CONTINUOUS, SOMETIMES NOT STRONGEST FOR ANXIETY WEAKEST FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE LOWEST INCOME ESPECIALLY LIKELY TO HAVE COMORBID DISORDERS

REASONS FOR NON- PSYCHOTIC CAUSATION NOT SELECTION MODEST RELATIONSHIP WITH ACUTE LIFE EVENTS STRONGER RELATIONSHIP WITH CHRONIC STRESSORS - POVERTY, INEQUALITY, INABILITY TO ACHIEVE GOALS VULNERABILITY

FARIS AND DUNHAM CHICAGO ADMISSIONS TO MENTAL HOSPITALS BY AREAS OF CITY NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RESIDENCE AND BI-POLAR STRONG ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RESIDENCE IN CENTRAL CITY AND SCHIZOPHRENIA (9x DIFFERENCE)

FARIS AND DUNHAM ORIGINALLY SAID LIVING IN CENTRAL CITY CAUSES SCHIZ. LATER CHANGED MIND AND SAID PEOPLE FIRST BECOME SCHIZ AND THEN MOVED TO CENTRAL CITY SELECTION

RECENT STUDIES SCHIZ ALWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER INCOME WHAT IS CAUSE AND WHAT EFFECT? LOOK AT PARENTS’ INCOME SELECTION MORE THAN CAUSATION DOWNWARD DRIFT BIPOLAR NOT RELATED TO S.C.

CONCLUSION FOR PSYCHOSES STRONG ASSOCIATION OF LOWER INCOME AND SCHIZOPHRENIA SELECTION SEEMS MORE IMPORTANT THAN CAUSATION NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INCOME AND BIPOLAR DISORDER

JOBS (LENNON) JOBS WITH AUTONOMY, CREATIVITY, CONTROL OVER OTHERS, FEWER PHYSICAL STRESS HAVE GOOD M.H. OPPOSITE (TEDIUM, ROUTINE, LOW CONTROL) ASSOCIATED WITH POOR MENTAL HEALTH

JOBS AND CES-D PROFESSIONAL 9.16 CLERICAL/SALES13.36 SKILLED/MANUAL10.41 UNSKILLED14.24

SOCIOLOGICAL DISTRESS ARISES OUT OF SOCIAL ROLES POWER, RESOURCES, AUTONOMY ASSOCIATED WITH MALE ROLES OPPOSITE WITH FEMALE ROLES REGARDLESS OF WHETHER MEN OR WOMEN OCCUPY THE ROLES

SOCIAL ROLES WOMEN IN TRADITIONALLY MALE ROLES HAVE LESS DISTRESS MEN IN TRADITIONALLY FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS MEN AND WOMEN IN SAME ROLES WILL HAVE SAME DISTRESS

CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS NOT JUST ROLES BUT EXPECTATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN ROLES UNEMPLOYED MAN VS. HOUSEWIFE SPOUSE WHO EARNS MORE DISTRESS FROM COMBINATION OF ROLES + EXPECTATIONS

MARRIAGE AND DISTRESS SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL MARRIED MEN < MARRIED WOMEN SOMETHING ABOUT MARRIAGE - ROLES

DISTRESS, WORK AND MARRIAGE HOUSEWIVES > DISTRESS THAN WORKING WOMEN WORKING WOMEN > WORKING MEN ROLE OVERLOAD; D OF L UNEMPLOYED MEN WORST

ROLES ARE IMPORTANT SAME ROLES, SAME DISTRESS - E.G. SINGLE PEOPLE DOMINANCE GENERALLY GOOD DEPENDENCE GENERALLY BAD EQUALITY GENERALLY GOOD

CONCLUSION MENTAL HEALTH VERY SENSITIVE TO STRATIFICATION DOMINANCE BETTER THAN SUBORDINATION PERHAPS EQUALITY IS BEST?