Chapter 1 continued Tuesday, September 7, 2010 Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 1

Context influences behavior Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 2

Context - Context Minimization Error – Fundamental Attribution Error – Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 3

Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 4

Context-Free / Single Context Assessment Example: What is competent behavior? –Between people/groups e.g., ______________________________ –Within people across settings/life spheres Assessment of a personal characteristic in a single setting (e.g., _____________) Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 5

Context-Based Assessment Competence as mastery of culturally defined, familiar activities in everyday life Examples: _________________________________________ Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 6

Ecology: Ecological questions for any construct: 1)Who is it good for? 2)Under what circumstances is it good? 3)With respect to what outcomes is it good? Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 7

Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 8 Context-Dependent vs. Context-Free Questions

Is self-esteem good? 1) Who is it good for? 2) Under what circumstances is it good? 3) With respect to what outcomes is it good? Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 9

Practice: Is social support good? 1) Who is it good for? 2) Under what circumstances is it good? 3) With respect to what outcomes is it good? Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 10

Values & Community Psychology What are values? “A value is a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action” – Clyde Kluckhohn (1951) Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 11

How Values Influence Psychology Problem definition determines problem solution (Caplan & Nelson) Values determine what we think is important to study & not study Values shape how we interpret what we find (heredity/environment I.Q. debate) Addressing values draws attention to when our values & actions do not match Ex: Stereotype Threat Studies Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 12

Why Community Psychology Requires Discourse in Values Role of “value-free” science in oppression –_____________________________________ Values & social change— values embodied in social arrangements –______________________________________ Fall 2010 What is Community Psychology? (Chapter 1) 13

How did Community Psychology Develop? Chapter 2 Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 14

Think about your past. Think about a pivotal incident that has changed the way you are today. Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 15

Community Psychology “Begins”: Swampscott Conference Started as conference about training professionals for community mental health Ended up creating new field that went beyond community mental health Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 16

Psychology After World War II Lab-based No clinical psychology No national institutes Many veterans Boulder Conference (1949) Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 17

Psychology After World War II: Implications of Boulder Who goes to VA hospitals? Who does not? Who were psychologists then? Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 18

Critical Paradigm Decisions of Boulder Conference Focus on Remedial Helping Roles –Therapist –Psychological Tester (Assessment) Internship setting of VA Hospitals –Delineated populations –Subservient to medicine Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 19

Crisis of Therapy: 1950s Is psychological treatment better than no treatment? (Hans Eysenck) State hospital patients vs. those not in hospitals Who got better? Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 20

Crisis of Resources: 1950s Epidemiological/Prevalence studies: –Midtown Manhattan –Nova Scotia Conclusion –Too many persons with problems –Not enough resources IF psychotherapy & testing are all we have available Bottom Line: ____________________________________ ______________________________________________ ___ Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 21

3 Important Developments: Late 1950s-1960s  Deinstitutionalization: Reform in mental health system from hospitalization to community care –Psychotropic drugs allowed individuals in hospitals to return to communities –Inadequate community resources to maintain ex- patients –Realization that community supports needed Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 22

3 Important Developments: Late 1950s-1960s 2. Mental health consultation –Radiating Change –3 party system: _________________ 3. Paraprofessional Movement –______________________________________ –Helping roles previously reserved for Ph.D.s Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 23

Emergence of Prevention as Alternative to Treatment “No mass disorder afflicting humankind has ever been eliminated or brought under control by attempts to treat the affected individual” WHY? Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 24

First-order change: Second-order change: Fall How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2)

Fall How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2)

First-order vs. Second-order change “Musical Chairs” homelessness analogy –First-order change: –Second-order change: Fall How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2)

Early Examples of Preventive Services Human Relations Service (1948; Wellesley, MA ) –Coconut Grove nightclub fire in Boston –1st mental health service center to emphasize prevention –consultation to schools/police –Support groups for parents Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 28

Federal Government Steps In: Community Mental Health Centers Act (1963) –Localizes Services –Creates community boards –Involves paraprofessionals in service delivery –Mandates consultation and education-outreach to the community Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 29

Swampscott Conference Conference on training professionals for community mental health Ended up creating community psychology Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 30

Community Psychology New field would concern “psychological processes that link social systems with individual behavior in complex interaction” (Bennett et al., 1966) Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 31

Swampscott Vision 2 new ways of affecting change –Advocacy for those without adequate social resources Identification of at-risk groups –Policy advocacy / analysis Head Start War on Poverty / Community-based Orgs Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 32

Swampscott Vision –Community intervention / collaboration –Prevention in key social systems (e.g., schools, juvenile justice) –Importance of social environment as influence on behavior Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 33

Swampscott Commitments Human diversity Empowerment –Citizen as expert Theory Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 34

Next Time Fall 2010 How Did Community Psychology Develop? (Chapter 2) 35