Conquest of Peru, As told by Don Guaman Poma de Ayala, First New Chronicle and Good Government (1612) (October 14, 1997) written 1612; discovered 1908 in Copenhagen; published 1936 “a living, angry testimony of a native Andean”

The Conquest of Peru, : Outline  Significance compared with Mexico  The Inca empire in 1531  Conquistador: Francisco Pizarro  Civil Wars,  Spanish society in Peru  Spanish Struggle for Justice: the role of Las Casas

The death of the Inca Huana Capac (1525?) led to civil war between his sons (half-brothers): Huáscar (Cuzco) and Atahualpa (Quito)

The Inca empire in 1531  Recent conquests of other peoples in Northern Peru, Ecuador  Death of Huayna Capac, ca 1525, lead to civil war  War of succession between half- brothers Huascar (Cuzco) and Atahualpa (Quito)  Pizarro exploited the dissension,

Spanish exploration and conquest,

Ocean currents and maritime routes. Pizarro’s 1st and 2nd voyages South Sea

Three difficult voyages of reconnaissance by Pizarro and others (1522, 1524, 1526) preceded the voyage of conquest (1531)

 Humble origins, to governor of Peru  In Hispaniola from 1502, Panama, 1509, one of founders of Panama City, 1519  “South Sea” voyages of discovery (1524, 1526) and conquest (1530)  Victory at Cajamarca, Nov. 16, 1532 Conquistador: Francisco Pizarro (ca )

Francisco Pizarro recruited men in Castille, and gained the title “governor of Peru” Diego de Almagro stayed in Panama and got “governor of New Toledo”!

In Peru, tensions grew between Pizarro (backed by his brothers and kinsmen), who raced ahead, and Diego de Almagro, who was in charge of supplies.

1527: Isla de Gallo Tumbes 1532: Cajamarca 1533: Cuzco 1535: Lima 1536: Quito

In Cajamarca, Atahualpa agreed to receive the Christians, who tarried only one day before sacking the city and seizing the Inca: Nov. 16, 1532

“Capture the leader”: Atahualpa was imprisoned and agreed to fill one large room with gold and two with silver--for his freedom.

After Atahualpa handed over 6 tons of gold and 13 tons of silver, the Christians executed the new convert (July 1533)

Within a year Cuzco was taken. Native lords were locked in a building and ordered to deliver gold and silver. When they did not, the Pizarros burned them alive

Manco Inca organized a rebellion with hundreds of thousands of followers and besieged Cuzco (1536)

When the Christians were in greatest need, the Virgin Mary interceded and threw dust in the eyes of Manco Inca’s soldiers. “That is why they were defeated.”

Civil Wars,  Origins: personal feuds (Diego Almagro vs. Fco. Pizarro), factionalism (Almagristas vs. Pizarristas), rich vs. poor, well-established vs. newly arrived, royalists vs. rebels  : feuds and factions  The New Laws of 1542: restrictions on encomiendas and encomenderos  Rebels vs. royalists,

Civil War: The Pizarros executed Diego de Almagro (1538). Then Almagristas killed Fco. (1541). Gonzalo Pizarro revolted, killing the viceroy (1546), and finally was executed himself in 1548.

Spanish society in Peru  Spanish civil society established while civil wars continued  Founding of Spanish towns: Tumbes, Piura, Cajamarca, Lima (1535), Quito  Social structure: encomenderos to merchants, artisans, etc.  Importance of seniority in conquest  By 1560, more African slaves than Spaniards in Peru

 Significance: champion of human rights  From encomendero to defender of the Indians ( )  Defeats in America (1520s) and victories in Europe ( ): the New Laws  The Devastation of the Indies: a Brief Account Spanish Struggle for Justice: Bartolome de Las Casas

Defender of the Indians: The Only Way, 1537 Confesionario, 1545 Apologetica historica, The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account, 1552

End