m/watch?v=a2YEUhHF MHY Review of Nazis rise to Power 12/10 & 12/11 ESTABLISHMENT AND CONSOLIDATION OF NAZI RULE

Overview ~ Hitler ensured that the Nazi Party gained control over gov’t at both central and local level ~ Banned trade unions and other political parties ~ Made extensive use of propaganda to promote his dictatorship but also relied on repression of his enemies ~ Tried to bring all areas under state control / ARMY to powerful for him to challenge immediately and did not assume complete control until 1938 ~ Political, ideological, and religious hostility remained

Timeline 1933 Mar: Enabling Act – Law for terminating the suffering of the people – giving Hitler dictatorial powers for 4 years Apr: Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service is passed May: all trade unions dissolved Jul: Concordat is concluded with Pope whereby the Catholic Church is banned from political activity in return religious freedom will be upheld Nov: Elections are held in which the Nazi candidates win 92% of vote 1934 Jan: law is passed for the reconstruction of the state, placing federal states under Reich governors Jun: Night of the Long Knives: the SS kill SA leaders and other opponents of Hitler Aug: Hindenburg dies & Hitler becomes head of state – Fuhrer and Reich chancellor Army swears a oath of loyalty to Hitler 1938 Feb: Army reorganized to increase Hitler’s control

How did Hitler consolidate his position and create a one – party state between March & July 1933 ~ KPD (German Communist Party) been banned under the presidential decree of Feb after the Reichstag Fire ~ SPD banned June ~ DNVP (right wing nationalist party) lost its role once it became part of the Nazi coalition ~ Catholic Centre Party followed the Concordat with the Pope – dissolution of the party & agreed to recognize the Nazi regime – In return state promised not to interfere in the Catholic Church ~ July – Law Against the Establishment of Parties – made it criminal offense to organize any party outside the NSDAP

Local Government Lander - name for separate states within Germany Took over through ◦Forced resignation ◦Seized buildings, docs, and supplies Loyal Nazi commissioners were appointed Law for the Restoration and Professional Civil Service (April 1933) Trade Unions banned  replaced w/German Labor Front

Single-Party State Made Legal One party made legal by establishment of ‘Law to Ensure the Unity of Party and State’ However Hitler allowed parallel institutions to develop rather than create undiluted party rule = competition within state between different agencies, & sometimes different branches of the Nazi party itself Structuralists Historian Martin Broszat and Hans Mommsen believe that this situation was unintentional and resulted from Hitler’s disinterest and neglect

Hitler’s Storm Troopers SA – Sturmabteilung – Brown Shirts – Original Parliamentary wing of the Nazi Party – Hitler used the SA to destroy the communist movement when seeking power - Used to maintain speeches, parties & intimidating Jewish citizens Led to problems w/ the military. Rumors of a military coup; SA became disposable

Night of Long Knives Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Goering spread rumors of a planned coup by the SA = Hitler takes action Ernst Rohm (leader of SA) and other SA members murdered (85 – 200 individuals) ◦Included Nazi Gregor Strasser who attempted to split the party in 1932 ◦Kurt von Schleicher former chancellor killed ◦Von Papen was put on house arrest ◦Event helped confirm Hitler’s authority ◦Purge left Hitler’s SS to assume dominance in Germany while Hitler gained support of the army’s commanders ◦When Hindenburg died in August 1934 all members of the armed forces swore a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler = Hitler combined chancellorship and presidency

Propaganda Propaganda was skillfully used by the NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's leadership of Germany (1933– 1945). National Socialist propaganda provided a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of their policies, including the pursuit of total war and the extermination of millions of people in the Holocaust.PropagandaNSDAPAdolf HitlerGermanytotal warthe Holocaust

Anti – Bolshevik Poster Propaganda ◦Hitler believed masses (whom he had little respect for) could be won over easily through regular exposure at schools, towns, workplace, leisure ◦Censorship (Party controlled 2/3 of private newspapers) ◦Radio – Reich Broadcasting Corporation ◦Slogan (“Heil Hitler”) ◦Movies ◦Decorations on buildings ◦Stamps / Posters

Repression Even before Hitler became the official leader, his chancellorship had led to the death of 30,000 communist (arrest of 300,000) SS: The Security Service ◦Highly trained and elitist Aryan organization with extensive powers as a military force and as political force ◦Ran concentration camps Gestapo: State Secret Police force ◦Root out and intimidate potential opposition

Strong Dictator – View of Historians Karl Bracher & Hugh Trevor-Roper Absolute Control: ◦Ideology ◦Education ◦Economy ◦Army Lack of Opposition from 1934: ◦No union ◦Control over media ◦One-party state ◦Control over courts ◦Control over Civil Service ◦Bargains with army, church, & big business Control of a powerful system: ◦Police ◦Gestapo ◦SS A far reaching propaganda machine: ◦Press ◦Radio ◦All forms of art and culture

Weak Dictator – View of Hans Mommsen, Ian Kershaw, Jeremy Noakes, and Martin Broszat Hitler’s personality ◦Lazy ◦Erratic ◦Easily bored and uninterested in detail ◦(especially economics) Opted out of government ◦Set ministers against one another with overlapping duties ◦Allowed ministers and mayors to give different decisions and compete for influence ◦Permanent confusion over planning, especially in war years Nazi programs were left unfinished ◦Plans for economic recovery not carried through fully ◦Suggested Germany might be ready for war in 1942 – 43 in the 1937 Hossbach memorandum ◦Rearmament narrowly based and no war economy until 1942

Remainder of class…. Continue Researching!!!!! 50 Facts is NOT ENOUGH Try to start narrowing your “two best” sources for SECTION C – OPVL You want to be organizing your notes in Sub-Headings in Easybib Use my Wiki Page and Resource List to use a VARIETY OF resources!!!!!!!