Navigational Elements. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 4, Lesson 1.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Earth Science Mr. Bimber
Advertisements

Navigational Elements
Representing Earth's Surface
Why Maps Can you use a square globe?
The Globe The shortest distance between any two points on the surface of the Earth can be found quickly and easily along a great circle. Even the largest.
Globes and Maps A globe is a scale model of the Earth that presents the most accurate depiction of geographic information such as area, distance, and direction.
Map Projections An important consideration in mapping our world.
colorado. edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj_f
Map Projections.
Modern technology has changed the way we view and map Earth.
Aircraft Motion and Control
Visualizing Physical Geography Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Inc. Chapter 1 The Earth as a Rotating Planet Visualizing Physical Geography.
Sep 2012 Lesson 5.3 Navigation Aeronautical Charts.
Navigational Aids. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 4, Lesson 2.
Definitions html://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html Azimuth —The angle measured in degrees between a base line radiating from a center.
Chapter 3: Models of Earth
Section 1: Finding Locations on EarthFinding Locations on Earth
Route Selection and Navigation Chapter 7. Direction Determination.
How Geographers See the World
Navigation Basics AST 241 From Van Sickle’s Modern Airmanship chapter 11 6 th ed.
Cartography: the science of map making
Navigation Technology. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 4, Lesson 5.
Geography Latitude and Longitude Solutions. Latitude lines Run East to West Parallel to the Equator Measures degrees North or South of the Equator.
Mapping and Projections Web resources: Geographer’s Craft, Department of Geography, University of Colorado at Boulder - particularly Peter H. Dana’s part.
Chapter 3 – Models of the Earth
Terrestrial Coordinate System
Maps - Resource A Map Projections
Map Projections RG 620 Week 5 May 08, 2013 Institute of Space Technology, Karachi RG 620 Week 5 May 08, 2013 Institute of Space Technology, Karachi.
Cartography: the science of map making A Round World in Plane Terms.
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE Chapter 3 Models of the Earth 3.2 Mapping Earth’s Surface.
LECTURE 3B – CHART PROJECTION. Introduction to Chart Projection  Usually we read chart in coordinate system.  A projected coordinate system is defined.
Why Not?????. Section 3.2 Mapping Earth’s Surface Objectives Explain two ways that scientists get data to make maps. Describe the characteristics and.
Navigation 3.01 Foundations of Navigation References: FTGU pages , Transport Canada Study and Reference Guide Glider Pilot Canada Flight.
L 5 Map Projections Lecture Map projections are used to transfer or “project” geographical coordinates onto a flat surface.. There are many projections:
Center for Modeling & Simulation. ► A means of converting coordinates on a curved surface to coordinates on a plane ► The surface of projection can.
Navigation Ground School CI Pesto. Topics of discussion today Map Construction Map Projections Aeronautical Charts Basic Chart Information Track.
Book Definition In your own words… Picture Latitude Distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
Navigation NAU 102 Lesson 2. The Earth News Flash! It isn’t flat. But, it isn’t a perfect sphere either.
Navigation Ground School 2014 CI Pesto. Navigation: The process or activity of accurately ascertaining one’s position and planning and following.
Models of the Earth Section 1 Preview Key Ideas Latitude Longitude Comparing Latitude and Longitude Great Circles Finding Direction Section 1: Finding.
Tipe-tipe Spesifik and Sistem Koordinat © 2005, Austin Troy.
52 RCACS Ground School Navigation PO 404 EO 3 “Projections”
Navigation NAU 102 Lesson 3.
By Mrs. Page (with a LOT of help from the Internet!)
2.3: Modeling Earth’s Surface Fall Semester 2015.
Dead Reckoning and Wind
Locating Positions on the Earth’s Surface
Basic Coordinate Systems Grid System RG 620 May 23, 2014 Institute of Space Technology, Karachi Grid System RG 620 May 23, 2014 Institute of Space Technology,
Chapter 3. Models of the Earth In order to locate points on Earth, we use models. Two general types of models: Maps Globes 2-Dimensional3-Dimensional More.
Navigation Technology
Chapter 3- Coordinate systems A coordinate system is a grid used to identify locations on a page or screen that are equivalent to grid locations on the.
Navigational Elements. Discussion What other steps do you think the American pilots could have taken to navigate to friendly territory? Read page 262.
Map Projections, Cartographic Concepts -Map Projections -Coordinate Systems.
Navigation NAU 102 Lesson 3. The Nautical Chart A graphical representation of part of the earth. Shows water depths, shoreline, prominent land features,
CGF3M - Cooper. Circumference – 40,000 km Divided into 360 parts or straight lines that radiate from the centre of the crcle Angle between the lines called.
Navigational Aids. Discussion What would you do if you lost sight of land and your compass didn’t work? What clues might help you go in the right direction?
© 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Flight Operations Chapter 20 Charts.
How maps and globes represent our Earth?
Map Projections RG 620 May 16, 2014 Institute of Space Technology, Karachi RG 620 May 16, 2014 Institute of Space Technology, Karachi.
Maps and Globes are Models of Earth Section 1.2. Maps and Globes A map is a flat model of the surface of the Earth It is the “Bird’s eye view” of an area.
Latitude and Longitude
Chapter 3 Objectives Distinguish between latitude and longitude.
Map Projections RG 620 April 20, 2016
CHAPTER 1 LESSON 1 UNDERSTANDING MAPS.
Maps and Map Skills Why we use different maps..
Chapter 1 Section 5 What is a map projection?
Map Projections.
Maps Base maps Coordinate Systems, Datums, Projections
MAP PROJECTIONS AND SCALE
Earth and its coordinates
Presentation transcript:

Navigational Elements

Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Chapter Overview   Lesson 1: Navigational Elements   Lesson 2: Navigational Aids   Lesson 3: Dead Reckoning and Wind   Lesson 4: Flight Instrumentation   Lesson 5: Navigation Technology Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Lesson Overview  The history of navigation and navigation instruments  The relationship of Earth's size and shape to navigation  The correlation of latitude and longitude to flight position  How to determine navigational direction Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Lesson Overview, cont.  Chart projection characteristics  How chart projections are used in navigation  The problems associated with projections Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Quick Write What other steps do you think the American pilots could have taken to navigate to friendly territory? (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) Chapter 4, Lesson 1 © Anthony DiChello/ShutterStock, Inc.

Navigation  Air navigation is the act of flying from one place to another  Keep tabs on your position as flight progresses  Two ways to navigate: by sight or with instruments  Bonfires and other bright lights Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Navigational Instruments   1920s: government developed a radio navigation beacon system   Mid- to late 1920s: developed two-way radios, other instruments began to show up   Altimeter—an aircraft instrument that displays altitude   Directional gyroscope—known as an attitude indicator Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Navigational Instruments, cont.  Airspeed indicator  Turn-and-bank coordinator  1941: ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) radio range  1944: very high frequency (VHF) Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Courtesy of the Minnesota Department of Transportation

Navigational Instruments, cont.  1940’s: Radar also popped up; helps air traffic control maintain safe distances between aircraft  1967: Satellites soared onto the scene; tracked aircraft and broadcast their locations to ground stations Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Courtesy of NASA

Relationship of Earth’s Size and Shape to Navigation  Earth’s shape is referred to as the great circle  Equator is a great circle because its center is also Earth’s center  Circle that passes through both the North and South Poles is a great circle, its center is Earth’s center  Great circle navigation—shortest distance across a sphere’s surface between two points Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 3-4 Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Correlation of Latitude and Longitude to Flight Position  Pilots calculate locations in degrees, minutes, and seconds of arc  Equator is the starting point for measuring north- south locations; circles parallel = lines of latitude  Great Circles that pass through both the North and South Poles; meridian = lines of longitude   Prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude   Pilots can find the position of any point by referring to both its latitude and longitude Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Activity 1: Finding a Flight Position  Locate cities based on given coordinates  Find the coordinates of given cities  Calculate distances Chapter 4, Lesson 1

How to Determine Navigational Direction  Pilot draws a line on a chart from departure point to the destination—the course  Measures the angle this line makes with the meridians it will cross  Aircraft’s track is the actual path taken over the ground in flight  When plotting a course, they determine their vector, an aircraft’s direction and speed Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

Activity 2: Determining Direction  Make a compass rose  Find items or locations  Determine directions Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 5-6

Chart Projection Characteristics  Charts portray four main characteristics: area, shape, distance, and direction  Illustrate true area—equal-area or equivalent projections  Show true shape—conformal chart projections  Represent true distance—equidistant projections  True direction—azimuthal or zenithal Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Geometry  Cartographers base their charts on three geometric projections, which are the cylinder, the cone, and the plane Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Adapted from National Atlas of the United States

Cylinders  Cylinder forms an image of Earth in one of two ways  Tangent—wraps around Earth along a single line such as the equator or a meridian  Secant—encircles Earth along two lines  Mercator projection is the most common example of cylinder chart Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Reproduced from US Geological Survey

Cones  Cone projection’s peak can line up with Earth’s polar axis  To read a conic chart projection, you roll it out after cutting it open along a meridian  Lambert conformal conic is one type of conic chart Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Courtesy of NASA

Planes  A plane is tangent to a point rather than a line  Stereographic projection— used to chart polar regions  The point the image is projecting from is always on the opposite side of the globe from the point of tangency  Another common plane projection is the gnomonic chart Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Reproduced from US Geological Survey

Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 7-8

How Chart Projections Are Used in Navigation  Gnomonic chart projection— shortest route between two points  Stereographic plane projection— navigating around the poles  Lambert conformal conic projection— best for trips following an east-west route  Mercator projection—best for navigating along the equator Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Courtesy of NASA

Activity 3: Chart Projections  Create a presentation on a chart projection and its use in air navigation  Conduct further research using the sources identified Chapter 4, Lesson 1

The Problems Associated With Projections  Difficult to convert a sphere to a flat surface without distorting some part of the original image  Distortions tend to be far greater when chart tries to cover large regions  Direction is at least partly true for most navigation chart projections Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Activity 4: Aeronautical Charts  Explore NASA’s Virtual Skies section on Aviation Navigation to learn more about aeronautical charts  Answer the questions Chapter 4, Lesson 1

Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 9-10

Summary Chapter 4, Lesson 1  The history of navigation and navigation instruments  The relationship of Earth's size and shape to navigation  The correlation of latitude and longitude to flight position  How to determine navigational direction

Summary, cont. Chapter 4, Lesson 1  Chart projection characteristics  How chart projections are used in navigation  The problems associated with projections

Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Review Questions CPS Questions 11-12

Next….  Done – navigational elements  Next – navigational aids Chapter 4, Lesson 1 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration