Chemical Building Blocks1 Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Topics you are not responsible for: molar concentration End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1 & 3 Do all mQuiz questions

Chemical Building Blocks2 What causes Alzheimer's disease? Amyloid precursor protein is converted to β- Amyloid APP is an integral membrane protein Processing by ‘protease’-type enzymes ( α-, β-, γ -secretase) β-Amyloid  plaque formation Many questions remain unanswered… -- Do β-Amyloid plaques cause disease symptoms? -- Why do some people get Alz Dis and other do not? -- What are possible explanations? Amyloid Plaques AB 42 > AB 40

Chemical Building Blocks3 What are the fundamental properties of organic molecules? What are “organic” molecules? What are hydrocarbons? Molecular representations

Chemical Building Blocks4 What “functional” groups occur on biological molecules? -- Know these like “the back of your hand”! e.g. Cysteine

Chemical Building Blocks5 What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules? Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids Carbohydrates What are the molecular building blocks (subunits) of each?

Chemical Building Blocks6 How are macromolecules built (synthesized) from subunits? Dehydrolysis (condensation) Rxs …And broken apart (degraded)? Hydrolysis Rxs

Chemical Building Blocks7 Proteins Proteins have diverse structures; which reflects their function What are some of the functions of proteins? Enzymes!! Molecule Transport Gene regulation Cell movements Hormones etc…

Chemical Building Blocks8 What are the different types of amino acids? How are AAs similar/different In structure? How many AAs are there?

Chemical Building Blocks9 How are amino acids linked together in proteins? The “peptide bond” C-terminus and N-terminus OH H-H- Carboxyl end Amino end Models

Chemical Building Blocks10 What are the four levels of protein structure?  All proteins have 1 O, 2 O and 3 O structure -- some have 4 O What is Primary (1 O ) structure? e. g., N – ALA – LYS – PHE – GLU  etc. – C

Chemical Building Blocks11 What is Secondary (2 O ) structure? α- helices & β- sheets What is Tertiary (3 O ) structure? What is Quartenary (4 O ) structure? Models

Chemical Building Blocks12 What determines and stabilizes protein tertiary structure? Amino acid sequence Bonding Hydrophobic exclusion Chaperone proteins

Chemical Building Blocks13 What happens if protein structure is disrupted? Denaturation What causes denaturation? heat detergents ionic conditions pH Loss of function Animation

Chemical Building Blocks14 What are some other characteristics of proteins? What are … Prosthetic groups? e.g., HEME Coenzymes? -- e.g., NADH Cofactors? -- e.g., Mg ++ What is a catalytic site? Models

Chemical Building Blocks15 What are the functions of carbohydrates? Energy storage Energy transport Structure Molecular Recognition

Chemical Building Blocks16 What are the properties of … Mono- & Disaccharides? Oligosaccharides? Why can oligosaccharide structure be very complex?

Chemical Building Blocks17 What are some important polysaccharides? Energy storage Starch & glycogen Structural cellulose & chitin Starch and Cellulose differ only in bonds between glucose Models StarchCellulose α-linkageβ-linkage

Chemical Building Blocks18 Oligosaccharides determine blood type ABO “antigens” are oligosaccharides -- on lipids and proteins Blood type reflects type of enzyme possessed B = galactosyl transferase A = N-acetyl-galactosamine transferase AB have both O has neither Immune system can respond to A or B

Chemical Building Blocks19 What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA? Nucleotides ribo-nucleotides deoxy-ribo purines pyrimidines

Chemical Building Blocks20 How are nucleotides linked in a DNA strand? Covalent bonds within strands 3’ – 5’ Complementary base-pairing Hydrogen bonds Models

Chemical Building Blocks21 What are the functions of Lipids? Energy storage -- triglycerides (fats) Membrane structure -- phospholipids Signaling molecules -- steroidal hormones Other specialized functions What property do all lipids share?

Chemical Building Blocks22 How does structure and function relate in: … Phospholipids? -- amphipathic … Triglycerides? -- hydrophobic Models

Chemical Building Blocks23 How does fatty acid saturation affect the properties of triglycerides? Fluidity Metabolism The odd history of “Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils” & “Trans-fatty acids”