DIFFERENTIATE: ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Three targets with three arrows each to shoot. Can you hit the bull's-eye? Both accurate and precise Precise but not accurate Neither accurate nor precise How do they compare? Can you define accuracy and precision? What would a bullseye with accuracy and no precision look like?

Significant Figures

What is a significant figure? There are 2 kinds of numbers: –EXACT: the amount of money in your account, jelly beans in a jar, etc.. Known with certainty –APPROXIMATE (OR MEASURED): weight, height—anything MEASURED….USE SIG FIGS!  No measurement is perfect.

Reading a Meterstick. l I.... I 3....I.... I 4.. cm First digit (known)= 2 2.?? cm Second digit (known)= ? cm Third digit (estimated) between Length reported=2.75 cm or2.74 cm or2.74 cm or2.76 cm

Known + Estimated Digits In 2.76 cm… Known digitsandare 100% certain Known digits 2 and 7 are 100% certain The third digit 6 is estimated (uncertain) The third digit 6 is estimated (uncertain) In the reported length, all three digits (2.76 cm) are significant including the estimated one In the reported length, all three digits (2.76 cm) are significant including the estimated one

When to use Significant figures To a mathematician 21.70, or is the same. But, to a scientist 21.7cm and 21.70cm is NOT the same

When to use Significant figures When a measurement is recorded only those digits that are dependable are written down.

Always estimate ONE place past the smallest mark!

Zero as a Measured Number. l I.... I I.... I 5.. cm What is the length of the line? First digit 5.?? cm Second digit 5.0? cm Last (estimated) digit is 5.00 cm

Enter question text.... l I.... I 9....I.... I 10.. cm What is the length of the line? 1) 9.6 cm 2) 9.62 cm 3) 9.63 cm 3) 9.63 cm How does your answer compare with your neighbor’s answer? Why or why not?

Significant Figures The numbers reported in a measurement are limited by the measuring tool The numbers reported in a measurement are limited by the measuring tool Significant figures in a measurement include the known digits plus one estimated digit Significant figures in a measurement include the known digits plus one estimated digit

Counting Significant Figures RULE 1. All non-zero digits in a measured number are significant. Only a zero could indicate that rounding occurred. Number of Significant Figures cm4 5.6 m kg___ m m___

How many sig figs in 65.8 kg

How many sig figs in m

Leading Zeros RULE 2. Leading zeros in decimal numbers are NOT significant. Number of Significant Figures mm mg kg____ mL mL ____

kg How many sig figs in kg

mL How many sig figs in mL

Sandwiched Zeros RULE 3. Zeros between nonzero numbers are significant. (They can not be rounded unless they are on an end of a number.) Number of Significant Figures 50.8 mm min kg____ m m ____

0.702 kg How many sig figs in kg

m How many sig figs in m

Trailing Zeros RULE 4. Trailing zeros in numbers without decimals are NOT significant. They are only serving as place holders. Number of Significant Figures 25,000 cm 2 25,000 cm yr yr3 48,600 L____ 48,600 L____ 25,005,000 g ____

48,600 L How many sig figs in 48,600 L

48,600. L How many sig figs in 48,600. L

25,005,000 g How many sig figs in 25,005,000 g

Which answers contain 3 significant figures? 1.) ) ) 4760

All the zeros are significant in , x 10 3

534,675 rounded to 3 significant figures is 534,675 rounded to 3 significant figures is , x 10 5

In which set(s) do both numbers contain the same number of significant figures? and and and 150,000

Significant Numbers in Calculations A calculated answer cannot be more precise than the measuring tool. A calculated answer cannot be more precise than the measuring tool. A calculated answer must match the least precise measurement. A calculated answer must match the least precise measurement. Significant figures are needed for final answers from Significant figures are needed for final answers from 1) adding or subtracting 1) adding or subtracting 2) multiplying or dividing

Adding and Subtracting The answer has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places one decimal place two decimal places answer 26.5 one decimal place

Learning Check In each calculation, round the answer to the correct number of significant figures. A = 1) ) ) 257 B = 1) ) ) 40.7

Multiplying and Dividing Round (or add zeros) to the calculated answer until you have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures.

Learning Check A X 4.2 = 1) 9 2) 9.2 3) B ÷ 0.07 = 1) ) 62 3) 60 C X = X ) 11.32) 11 3) 0.041

State the number of significant figures in each of the following: A m B L C g D m E. 2,080,000 bees Learning Check

How many sig figs? x ,000,

How many sig figs here? ,083,000,

How many sig figs here? ,000,050,

Sig Figs?? 640 a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 e)5 f)6

Sig Figs?? a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 e)5 f)6

Sig Figs?? a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 e)5 f)6

Sig Figs?? a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 e)5 f)6

Sig Figs?? 10,000 a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4 e)5 f)6

How many sig figs?

How many sig figs here? 1.02 x x x x x x10 5 x

How many sig figs here? 23 x 2 x x 21 x x x x

Metric Prefixes