Gel electrophoresis DNA sequencing
Cytoplasm Nucleus DNA DNA is the genetic material within the nucleus. Central Dogma RNA Protein Replication The process of replication creates new copies of DNA. Transcription The process of transcription creates an RNA using DNA information. Translation The process of translation creates a protein using RNA information.
DNA Double Helix-Held Together with H-Bonds
Base Pairs Double Helix
base: thymine (pyrimidine) sugar: 2’-deoxyribose monophosphate no 2’-hydroxyl (5’ to 3’) 5’ 3’ base:adenine (purine) 1’ 2’ 4’ 3’ linkage 5’ linkage Three Components of DNA Structure
Pyrimidines used in Base Pairs, DNA 6-membered rings only
Purines used in Base Pairs, DNA Fused 5 and 6 member rings
DNA Base Pairing A-T pairing 2 H-Bonds G-C pairing 3 H-bonds
A-T and G-C Base Pairs Hold the DNA helices together
Hydrogen-Bonding’s Role in DNA Structure
Transcription The new RNA molecule is formed by incorporating nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand. DNA coding strand DNA template strand DNA 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ GTCATTCGG CAGTAAGCC G RNA 5’ GGUCAUUC 3’
# of strands kind of sugar bases used
RNA Polymerase is the Enzyme that Catalyzes Transcription of DNA Information to RNA DNA (Blue) Newly Synthesized RNA (Red) Active Site Metal (Pink) Bridge Helix Moves DNA through Polymerase during RNA Synthesis (Green)
Transcription The new RNA molecule is formed by incorporating nucleotides that are complementary to the template strand. DNA coding strand DNA template strand DNA 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ GTCATTCGG CAGTAAGCC G RNA 5’ GGUCAUUC 3’
Translation The process of reading the RNA sequence of an mRNA and creating the amino acid sequence of a protein is called translation. Transcription Codon Translation DNA TTCAGTCAG template strand mRNA AAGUCAGUC Messenger RNA Protein LysineSerine Valine Polypeptide (amino acid sequence)
The “words” of the DNA “language” are triplets of bases called codons –3 bases or nucleotides make one codon –Each codon specifies an amino acid –The codons in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences
Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code All organisms use the same 20 aa Each codon specifies a particular aa The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life Figure 10.8A
Tryptophan and Methionine have only 1 codon each All the rest have more than one AUG has a dual function 3 stop codons that code for termination of protein synthesis Redundancy in the code but no ambiguity Figure 10.8A
Shotgun sequencing: assembly of random sequence fragments