A Nuclear Weapon-Free World?: Evaluating Obama’s Nuclear Agenda Scott D. Sagan November 30, 2011 Canberra Lowy Institute

“Today, I state clearly and with conviction America's commitment to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons.” “To put an end to Cold War thinking, we will reduce the role of nuclear weapons in our national security strategy, and urge others to do the same.” Barack Obama Prague, April 5, 2009

Nuclear Posture Review, April 2010 “By demonstrating that we take seriously our NPT obligation to pursue nuclear disarmament, we strengthen our ability to mobilize broad international support for the measures needed to reinforce the non- proliferation regime and secure nuclear materials worldwide.” “The United States will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapons states that are party to the NPT and in compliance with their nuclear non- proliferation obligations.”

New START Treaty 1550 Deployed Warheads 700 Deployed Launchers On-Site Inspections Next Step Challenges: Asymmetry in Non- Strategic Weapons Missile Defense Extended Deterrence CTBT

NPR and other Obama initiatives created incentives and space for compromises Indonesia announces intention to ratify the CTBT initiative, directly linking this to Obama’s initiatives. Egypt played “virtuous double game” as leader of NAM and NAC Brazil: Push for nuclear disarmament, concedes on non- binding language on the AP The 2010 NPT Review Conference

The NPT Review Conference Source: Harald Mueller, “A Nuclear Nonproliferation Test” 2011

The NPT Review Conference Source: Harald Mueller, “A Nuclear Nonproliferation Test” 2011

Iran at the NPT Review Conference “[The U.S.] continues to threaten to use such weapons against other countries, including Iran… In the NPR, it is noted that the U.S. will not develop new nuclear weapons, but they will continue to improve them qualitatively. The qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons is tantamount to increase in lethality and destructive power of such weapons.”

Shared Responsibility for Disarmament: Rethinking the NPT Bargains “Non-nuclear Weapons States were enjoined from acquiring nuclear weapons and Nuclear Weapons States were forbidden to transfer nuclear weapons and the wherewithal to make them to an NNWS. To compensate for this obvious discriminatory division of the world's nations, NNWS were assured that they had an "inalienable right" to the peaceful application of nuclear energy, and the NWS obligated themselves in Article VI of the treaty to work in good faith toward nuclear disarmament.” - Wolfgang Panofsky, 2007 “The basic bargain is sound: Countries with nuclear weapons will move towards disarmament, countries without nuclear weapons will not acquire them, and all countries can access peaceful nuclear energy.” - President Barack Obama, 2009

Shared Responsibility: Articles IV & VI Articles IV and VI are linked, and both should apply to NWS and NNWS Article IV: “Inalienable right” to nuclear energy – Conditional on Articles I and II – NWS could accept safeguards for more nuclear facilities. – If IAEA needs AP to confirm compliance, the AP must be universal Qom Nuclear Facility, Iran

– All parties must pursue negotiations for disarmament. – NWS can not make final reductions if national uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing programs proliferate. – NNWS must “pursue negotiations in good faith” on control of uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing facilities as part of their Article VI commitment. Shared Responsibility: Articles IV & VI UN Headquarters Article VI: Pursue disarmament “in good faith”

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) Transfer of ENR Technology New Guidelines from June 24, 2011 Meeting Old NSG Policy “Suppliers should exercise restraint in the transfer of sensitive facilities, technology and material usable for nuclear weapons or other explosive devices” and facilities should not be designed to enrich uranium beyond 20 percent.

New NSG Policy Any nation wishing to receive ENR technology must meet all of the following criteria: 1.Member of the NPT 2.Not under review by the IAEA 3.Implementing Security Council Resolution Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, and an Additional Protocol (or regional accounting and control for nuclear materials) 5.Intergovernmental agreement with the supplier including assurances regarding non-explosive use, effective safeguards in perpetuity, and retransfer 6.Committed to international standards of physical protection and to IAEA safety standards and international safety conventions Additionally, suppliers of ENR technology should avoid transferring “design and manufacturing technologies,” so as to prevent replication of the facilities.

The Nuclear Terrorist Threat Marina Petrella (Red Brigades) Ulrike Meinhoff and Andreaas Baader (Baader-Meinhof Gang) Osama bin Laden (al-Qaeda) Shoko Ashara (Aum Shinrikyo) The danger of nuclear terrorism existed before Osama bin-Laden formed al-Qaeda and will continue to exist as al-Qaeda is significantly weakened or destroyed. Dzhokhar Dudayev (Chechen Rebels)

Terrorists Seek Radiological Dispersion Devices James G. Cummings Dhiren BarotSharif Mobley

Nuclear Security Initiatives Nuclear Security Summit April 12-13, Nations “Secure all vulnerable nuclear materials within four years” Seoul Summit in 2012 Key Challenges: Spent Fuel Ponds, New Nuclear Energy States

Nuclear Terrorism Anywhere Would be a Global Catastrophe “Were such an attack to occur, it would not only cause widespread death and destruction, but would stagger the world economy and thrust tens of millions of people into dire poverty… Any nuclear terrorist attack would have a second death toll throughout the developing world.” - Kofi Annan, “A Global Strategy for Fighting Terrorism, March 10, 2005 Insecure nuclear material anywhere is a threat to everyone, everywhere

Al Kibar Reactor Syria, 2007 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Natanz, 2008 Final Challenges: Iran and Syria