Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Forensic Accounting Chapter 17 Inquiry Methods and Fraud Reports

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. To the Student  This is one of the longest chapters in the textbook, but it deals with an extremely important subject: interviewing. Be sure to take the time— breaking the reading into several sections if necessary—to understand the concepts presented here. Great interviews are a telltale sign of great investigators.

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objectives  Understand the interviewing process.  Plan and conduct an interview.  Understand the nature of admission-seeking interviews.  Describe the different deceptions and lies used by perpetrators.  Describe the different types of honesty testing.  Prepare a fraud report.

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Interviewing Process  The most common technique used to investigate and resolve fraud  A question-and-answer session designed to elicit information  Structured (not free-form) conversation that has a purpose  The systematic questioning of individuals who have knowledge of events, people, and evidence of a case

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Planning an Interview General Preparation  Follow a plan or outline to meet your objectives  Review relevant documents to gather as much information as possible  Conduct interviews at the interviewee’s office (except for hostile interviewees)  Set up an appointment  Plan sufficient (even excess) time for the interview

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Physiology of Deception  Verbal Cues  Changes in Speech Patterns  Repetition of the Question  Comments Regarding Interview  Selective Memory  Making Excuses  Oaths  Character Testimony  Fewer Emotionally Charged Words  Specific Denials  Overuse of Respect

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Physiology of Deception Non-Verbal Cues  Full Body Motions  Anatomical Physical Responses  Illustrators  Hands over the Mouth  Manipulators  Fleeing Positions  Crossing the Arms  Reaction to Evidence  Lip Movements

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht Admission-seeking Interviews  These interviews make statements and accuse directly  The goal is to elicit confessions from perpetrators  Should happen only when a reasonable probability exists that the respondent has committed the act  Culpability can be based on verbal and nonverbal responses to interview questions, documents, and/or physical evidence © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Admission-seeking Interview  Accuse directly… “ Our investigation has clearly established that you:  made a false entry (avoid “fraud”)  took company assets without permission (avoid using “theft”, “embezzlement”, or “stealing”)  took money from a vendor (avoid “bribe” or “kickback”)  have not told the complete truth (avoid “lie” or “fraud”)

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Honesty Testing The most common inquiry method is the interview. Three other methods exist: (1)Pencil-and-paper tests (2)Graphology (3)Voice stress analysis and polygraphs.

Zimbelman, Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. The Fraud Report  Includes:  Findings  Conclusions  Recommendations  Corrective actions taken  Should be:  Objective  Factual  Unbiased  Free from distortion