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1.1 Chapter 1 Introduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

DATA COMMUNICATIONS The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. Components Data Representation Data Flow Topics discussed in this section: Needs HW and SW effectiveness: reliability accuracy timeliness jitter

1.3 Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication Tx, Rx, message, medium, protocal

1.4 Data Representation Text (ASCII, Unicode) Numbers (decimal, binary, hex,..) Images (bit pattern, pixels, RGB, YCM) Audio (Continuous) video ( movie, continuous, or a combination of images )

1.5 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

NETWORKS A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. Distributed Processing (task sub-divided) Network Criteria (perfoemance:throughput,delay, reliability, security) Physical Structures (connection) Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork Topics discussed in this section:

1.7 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.8 Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.9 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices) n(n-1)/2 links Problem: wiring, # I/O ports

1.10 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations Problem: Hub fails

1.11 Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.12 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations Duel ring

1.13 Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.14 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet Small area Resource sharing Mbit to Gitbit

1.15 Network models OSI model (7 layers) Internet model (5 layers)

1.16 Categories of networks LAN (small area, few km) MAN (covers city) WAN (country, global)

1.17 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN Country global

1.18 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs President connects to his 2 companies

THE INTERNET The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use. A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs) Topics discussed in this section:

1.20 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules. Protocols Standards Standards Organizations Internet Standards Topics discussed in this section: