31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Ambition without future Obstacles and incentives in the scientific careers of men and women in Micro-Optics Elke Van den Brandt

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Scope Women remain under represented in scientific research Micro-Optics as case study  New technology  International composition International dimension  Influence of national/local culture  Influence of work place

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Methods Data HR-databases networks 2 surveys  Online, 8 Themes  First: 245 respondents (67%)  Second: 1357 respondents

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Overview presentation 1.Current position 2.Career development 3.Ambition 4.Perceived discrimination 5.Working day 6.Job satisfaction and work values 7.Family situation

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? 1. Current Position 2. Career development 3. Ambition 4. Perceived discrimination 5. Working day 6. Job satisfaction and work values 7. Family situation 8. To conclude

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Horizontal segregation General scientific areas Optics

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Horizontal segregation (II)

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Vertical segregation: The Glass Ceiling Engineering, technology and natural sciences Optics

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Contractual segregation Differences in contract and policy positions  Full time/Part time -93% of the women, 96% of the men (! p=.073)  Contract of Unlimited duration: men have more job security -57% of the women, 72% of the men (excluding the PhD-students) (p<.001) -46% of the women, 65% of the men (including the PhD-students) (p<.001)  Policy positions: men have more policy power -23% of the women, 46% of the men hold policy positions (formal positions) (p<.001) -41% of the women, 59% of the men have supervision power (over work of others) (p<.01) -21% of the women, 39% of the men have decision power (over salary/promotion of others) (p<.001)

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? 2. Career Development 1. Current Position 3. Ambition 4. Perceived discrimination 5. Working day 6. Job satisfaction and work values 7. Family situation 8. To Conclude

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Career Development Promotion time  Lower levels: No significant differences  Higher levels: women move on slower Interruptions in the career  35% of women, 22% of men (p<.001) -Women (mean: 14 months) : pregnancy leave -Men (mean:18 months) : military service, unemployment  Gap is larger in eastern and southern Europe than in northern and western Europe and in the US/Canada. Time spend abroad  Long term: -Men and women have spend a comparable time abroad -BUT: women travel for shorter periods (more but shorter visits) -BUT: women traveled more during their studies/at a younger age  Short term: no differences

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? 3. Ambition 1. Current position 2. Career development 4. Perceived discrimination 5. Working day 6. Job satisfaction and work values 7. Family situation 8. To conclude

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Ambition (I) Where would you like to be working in 5 years :  79% of women prefers a higher position, 62% of men (p<.001)  49% of women only wants a higher position, 33% of men (p<.001)  Pattern remains when excluding high positions or PhD-students  Pattern is more explicit in higher education than in business enterprise/industry.  Possible explanations: -Pre-selection -Current position

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Ambition (II) Perceived chances for getting job of first choice:  When first choice implies promotion: men rate their chances higher (p<.01)  When no promotion is implied: no significant differences  Self-confidence or perceived discrimination? Men esteem their research and teaching skills higher (respect. p <.01 and p<.001) Women are more skeptic about the fairness of selection and promotion procedures (cfr. infra)

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? 4. Perceived Discrimination 1.Current position 2.Career development 3.Ambition 5. Working day 6. Job satisfaction and work values 7. Family situation 8. To conclude

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Perceived discrimination (I) 28% of women perceived discrimination, 13% of men  Lack of appreciation and recognition  Promotion opportunities  Salary Note: sex and age Did you encounter any discrimination in the workplace during your career?

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Perceived discrimination (II) 56% of women beliefs in fairness of selection and promotion procedures, 75% of men  Subjectivity  Lack of transparence Do you think these criteria for selection and promotion are fair?

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? 5. Working Day 1. Current position 2. Career development 3. Ambition 4. Perceived discrimination 6. Job satisfaction and work values 7. Family situation 8. To conclude

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Working Day (I) Working hours: men work more hours/week than women (50h versus 46h) (p<.000) This extra time is not spend on research:

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? 6. Satisfaction 1. Current position 2. Career development 3. Ambition 4. Perceived discrimination 5. Working day 7. Family situation 8. To conclude

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Satisfaction Satisfaction (list of 20 items) Ranking top 5 MenWomen Flexible working times11 Intellectual challenges23 Autonomy32 Work content45 Collaboration with colleagues54 Ranking bottom 5 MenWomen Salary11 Management of the organization23 Promotion opportunities32 Work load44 Job security10 !5

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Men are more satisfied on 16 of the 20 items Significant differences for:  Salary  Access to adequate facilities, equipment,…  Promotion opportunities  Job security  Being useful to society  Self realization Satisfaction on these items is correlated to -the general satisfaction, -the willingness to choose for the same career, -the ambition of a job outside the current organization. -the intent to turnover  These correlations are stronger for women ! Satisfaction (II)

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Discouraging factors: reason to change job Satisfaction (III)

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? 7. Family Situation 1. Current position 2. Career development 3. Ambition 4. Perceived discrimination 5. Working day 6. Job satisfaction and work values 8. To conclude

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Family situation (I) Family situationMenWomen Single14%17% Couple without children32%31% Couple with children44%32% Other10%20% Task division within household only including respondents living with partner MenWomen You do most of household3%68% Partner does most of household73%6% Household is done equally by you and partner17%15% Others do most of household7%11%

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Family situation (II) Problems combining work and household activities MenWomen 1 Never or less than 1/year 30%26% 2 Several times/year 35%31% 3 Several times/month 22%24% 4 Several times/week 9%11% 5 Every day 4%8% This pattern appears in all countries/regions. No differences?  People with high household responsibilities work fewer hours per week.

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? 8. To Conclude 1. Current position 2. Career development 3. Ambition 4. Perceived discrimination 5. Working day 6. Job satisfaction and work values 7. Family situation

31/10/ Benefits of being a Member Ambition without future? Preliminary Conclusions Women are underrepresented (horizontal, vertical and contractual segregation) Women do want to move on (ambition), but feel less satisfied and perceive more discrimination. Especially the lack of job security and promotion opportunities are obstacles for women. Combining work/family is not perceived as an important obstacle, but influences the number of working hours. Only few differences could be found between regions and between different kinds of organizations