TO DO, 11.5 Matthew West – a devotional video by Dr. Ebersole Turn in Chapter 8 quiz, folder up front Pick up In-class assessment quiz, up front Handout, chapter 8, up front Handout, Message in the Music, Top 77 Songs: Is your favorite song on the list? In-class: Discuss Content Analysis (FM Radio article, Gender Conversion article – review these) Remember to check Bb Gradebook: it is up-to-date RQ/H returned before I leave for NCA next week. On wed of next week, when I’m in Chicago, we’ll do a podcast followed by a quiz Dr. B with us this Wed, Message in the Music Dr. E with us on Mon, Nov. 12, for Reality TV article. Your Bb discussion is preparing you for his visit

What have you done? Read Reinard (chapter 8) Read POR (several articles) Took Reinard Quiz (chapter 8) Took in-class Quiz (chapter 8) Listened to podcasts (2)

Making Communication Knowledge Claims Producers & Process MessagesUses/Effects Processes of message production, transmission, and meaning making Contexts and Levels Individual, dyad, group or societal levels e.g., News agencies, dyad, organization Content or form of the communication messages e.g., family talk, tv content and how it portrays Black/White relations e.g., anti-smoking ads, why people watch RTV Functions and effects of messages; opinions, beliefs, attitudes

Content Analysis 1. A form of textual analysis 3. When do we use it? To Characterize Communication in Mass Media In non-traditional settings 4. Advantages/Disadvantages (Krippendorf, 1980) Making Inferences by systematically identifying characteristics in a text Unobtrusive Accepts unstructured material Advantages Studies the data in context Massive amounts of data Disadvantages MESSAGES IN TEXTS! 2. Where? Politics, TV, newspapers To “MONITOR” content: Q. Stereotypes against Hispanics/Asians? Q. Portrayal of Religious people on TV? Q. How gender roles are portrayed? Power? Q. Violence in cartoons? Q. Comparisons? (Internet Home pages) Q. CCM Cds? CWM? Jesus Merchandise? Q. Church Bulletins? Q. Comments in the suggestion box? Q. Conversational Analysis? (dyad, group) Q. Eavesdropping (male/male & male/female) No cause-effect Sampling Generalization

TO DO, 11.7 Devotional – Dr. Metts Handout up front (Questions Dr. B will ask you) Quizzes in “Return folder” up front for chapter 7 & 8 quizzes Turn in abstract no. 1, up front, if you have it – if not, before 5 pm in my box –Reminder: I need the full text of the article so I can verify your answers RQ/H returned before I leave for NCA next week. –I may ask for more of the article from some of you if what you gave me isn’t sufficient to determine if you answered correctly (check Bb announcements for more details) In-class: Before Dr. B arrives at 3:15, we’ll finish up the slide we started and chat about the Gender Conversion piece for a few minutes. Dr. E with us on Mon, Nov. 12, for Reality TV article. Your Bb discussion is preparing you for his visit. On Wed of next week, when I’m in Chicago, we’ll do a podcast followed by a quiz. Last Elluminate Live test session is Thursday, 11.8, at 8-9 am. If you can’t make it for the reasons announced in Bb, see me after class. Reminder: if you have a question about a quiz question, no problem. Circle the question no. you want to challenge, and send me an explaining why you should get the point.

Content Analysis Procedures STEP 1: Defining Population/Selecting Texts STEP 2: Determining Units of Analysis (Krippendorf, 1980) STEP 3: Developing Content Categories STEP 4: The Coding of Units STEP 5: Analyzing the Data Sample or Census?If sample, is it representative? Size? PhysicalSyntacticalReferentialPropositionalThematic E.g’s (1) # of books written about a particular field [communication] during different time periods; # pages; # articles; inches (2) # of TV shows involving minorities as lead characters in 1970, 80, E.g’s (1) counting words (or symbols): # of times the word “pro-life” appears in a speech. (2) counting # of times communism or free speech appears in a newspaper article E.g’s (1) Presence or absence of objects within a physical unit (versus the unit itself) (2) link words to referents; # of times positive words in articles about President Bush appear E.g. Patterns of ideas or treatments (stereotypes) (1) Racial stereotypes in TV sitcoms (2) Sexist stereotypes in The Roseanne Show (3) Violence on TV (4) Types of editorials in SAU paper Form Train coders Independent Observations Qualitative “coding” Quantitative “coding” E.g.’s Statements made or argument units (1)Arguments used by the President for going into Iraq (2)Statements made by sources used in an article

Filling a Gap in Research Gender Differences in Communication Studies of Religious Conversion Gender Differences in Communication of Religious Conversion

Mapping Known to Unknown Studies of Religious Conversion Gender Differences in Communication Gender Differences in Communication of Religious Conversion RQ - What is the relationship between gender and the way one shares his/her religious (Christian) conversion story/narrative?

Content Analysis Procedures STEP 1: Selecting Texts STEP 2: Units of Analysis (What are you counting?) STEP 3: Content Categories (Where do you put it?) STEP 4: Coding the Units STEP 5: Analyzing the Data Content of Contemporary Praise and Worship Songs Top 25 lists from CCLI – from 1989 to 2005 Compared Top 25 from and found 77 songs in common Syntactical (words, phrases) LeitourgiaKoinoniaKerygma Thematic 2 coders, trained, tested agreement on 10% of songs, then divided all 77

Content Analysis Procedures STEP 1: Selecting Texts STEP 2: Units of Analysis – What it is you are counting... STEP 3: Content Categories Where you put it after you count... STEP 4: Coding the Units STEP 5: Analyzing the Data What content is currently available on the WWW sites of FM radio stations? List of all FM stations with websites? Make list “exhaustive” Randomly select from list? 407 potential, out of (365 final) Syntactical units Station Contact Station Information News / Entertainment Other Features Referential Units Training of Coders ? Reliability Coefficients ?

Gender Conversion?

Content Analysis Procedures How is the press covering President G.W. Bush’s recent foreign policy initiatives with Afghanistan (negative bias) SAMPLE: all stories written by the New York Times and Washington Post during the week of December

Press Coverage of Political Candidates Viewer/Coder #1Viewer/Coder #2 Intercoder/Interrater Reliability Q. Is there “liberal bias“ in the press' coverage as it relates to photos of the candidates involved in the 2006 Michigan Gubernatorial Election? Design: The photos were evaluated along 5 measures. Each received a positive/negative/neutral rating along each of the following criteria:

Content Analysis Procedures Coding the Units VIEW EACH EPISODE AND EVALUATE ALONG THE FOLLOWING: Name of Sitcom:________Episode: ________Network: __________ Number of African American Characters? Caucasian? Hispanic? _____ Number of positive stereotypes _____ Number of negative stereotypes _____

Potter Article – FM Stations

Content Analysis ORIGINS 18th century, Swedish scholars counted the number of religious symbols contained in a collection of 90 hymns to see whether they were preaching against the church (Dovring, ) 19th century, end of 19th century, scholars conducted quantitative content analyses of newspapers, e.g., counting the number of various types of articles in New York newspapers, showed shift in content from religious, scientific matters to gossip, sports and scandals McDiarmid (1937) content-analyzed presidential inaugural addresses in terms of the number of symbols used to promote national identity. WWII: researchers content analyzed music played on German radio to detect troop movement (Wimmer & Dominick, 1987)

Content Analysis Procedures STEP 1: Selecting Texts STEP 2: Units of Analysis – What it is you are counting... STEP 3: Content Categories Where you put it after you count... STEP 4: Coding the Units STEP 5: Analyzing the Data Racial stereotypes of African Americans portrayed in television sitcoms on major television broadcast networks List of all sitcoms on networks? Which ones? What is a sitcom? Randomly select from each network? From total number of episodes? Thematic units (stereotypes) ViolenceTrustRichFamily Ties Physical Units Training of Coders ? Reliability Coefficients ?