Lesson 4. 2, pg. 46 Making Inferences & Drawing Conclusions Making an inference is “Reading between and beyond the lines.” Learning Goal: you will be able to read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and inferentially, cite specific textual evidence, determine a central theme, and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations

Today’s Active READING STRATGY is Making Inferences REMEMBER - As an active reader, it is important to recognize an author’s intended purpose. In narrative selections, think about all of the “pieces” (plot, theme, character) and try to understand how they relate to one another. Examine what the author is saying through the characters and actions, and figure out what the author is implying.

Analysis of Text: Interpretation/ Background Knowledge (schema) Making Connections Questioning Inference Drawing Conclusions Predictions When proficient readers infer, they create a meaning that is not necessarily stated in the text. Inference is a tough strategy to teach because it involves many processes and requires the reader to hold several ideas in his/her mind. When we infer, we use a combination of ~ Questioning Making Connections Background Knowledge (Schema) Predictions Imagination/Visualization Analysis of Text: Interpretation Judgments Drawing Conclusions Analysis of Text: Interpretation/ Judgment Imagination/ Visualization Elkhart Community Schools

Making Inferences Figuring out what the author is implying will require you to make inferences. To infer requires that you guess the probable meaning. As you read a selection and attempt to draw a conclusion or make inferences about the meaning, it is important to examine the work to determine how all of the information, supporting details, events, and characters connect to one another. A conclusion will be based on the sum of all of the elements working together in the story.

Making Inferences from a Cartoon _______ 1. The boy doesn’t like monkeys. _______ 2. The boy has probably never seen animals in a zoo. _______ 3. The father is angry with the boy. _______ 4. The boy thinks the monkey is being punished. _______ 5. The boy and his father go to the zoo often.

_______ 1. The light-haired girl read Silas Marner for a school assignment. _______ 2. Marcie doesn’t like to read. _______ 3. The light-haired girl very much enjoyed reading Silas Marner. _______ 4. The cartoonist suggests that reading for true understanding requires real attention. _______ 5. Marcie and the other girl are sisters.

Making Inferences from a Book Cover _______ 1. The “three true stories” are about the three women shown. _______ 2. The women are good friends with one another. _______ 3. The women’s lives have changed in positive ways. _______ 4. All the women had parents who were non-readers. _______ 5. All the women dropped out of school because of reading problems.

_______ 1. Gulliver’s Travels is a true story. _______ 2. The man on the ground recently ate lunch and is taking a nap. _______ 3. The book has something to do with a journey. _______ 4. The illustrated large man is likely an important character. _______ 5. The story in the book takes place in modern times.

Making Inferences from a Poster _______ 1. The woman has been handcuffed by the police. _______ 2. The woman is a former addict. _______ 3. The woman is addicted to food, cigarettes, and alcohol. _______ 4. Alcohol is more addictive than cigarettes or food. _______ 5. People who are addicted are not free.

Making Inferences from an Advertisement _______ 1. The boy did not choose to be at the orphanage. _______ 2. The boy is happy to be at the orphanage. _______ 3. The people at the orphanage are cruel to the boy. _______ 4. Not carrying life insurance can harm one’s family. _______ 5. The insurance company helps support the orphanage.

Mastery Test #1: Making Inferences from a Note _______ 1. The note was written by Mario’s girlfriend. _______ 2. The car was not really Mario’s. _______ 3. Mario had gotten out of work early. _______ 4. Mario’s car was parked at another woman’s house. _______ 5. Mario had lied to his girlfriend. _______ 6. The author of the note will never speak to Mario again. _______ 7. The author of the note thinks that Mario is cheating on her. _______ 8. Mario and the author of the note are married.

Mastery Test #2: Making Inferences from a Cartoon _______ 1. The figure on the left does not work out at all. _______ 2. The figure on the left probably spends lots of time working out. _______ 3. The two figures do very different things when they work out. _______ 4. The two figures do not like each other. _______ 5. Spending time at the library has had no effect on the figure on the right. _______ 6. Spending time at the library has made the figure on the right mentally strong. _______ 7. Working out at the library has the same effect as working out at the gym. _______ 8. Working out at the library involves mental – not physical – effort.

Making Inferences reading passage Your Task: Today you are going to practice making interferences. In this part of the practice, you will read a narrative passage and then determine a theme – the author’s message; something you learn about life in general. Remember to use the inference skills you practiced in this lesson.

Independent Practice REMEMBER - Examine what the author is saying through the characters and actions, and figure out what the author is implying. READ – “Ambush” by Roger Woodward and put an “I” next to an information you had to infer, and write what you’re thinking in the margins. Then, ask yourself what is the author’s message. Once you have identified a theme, put a “T” next to the text that exemplifies the theme.

Examples of Universal Themes Can you identify a few themes present in “Ambush”? A human being’s confrontation with nature A human being’s lack of humanity A rebellious human being’s confrontation with society An individual’s struggle toward understanding, awareness, and/or spiritual enlightenment An individual’s conflict between passion and responsibility The human glorification of the past/ rejection of the past The tension between the ideal and the real Conflict between human beings and advancements in technology/science The inevitability of fate The evil of unchecked ambition The struggle for equality The loss of innocence/disillusionment of adulthood The conflict between parents and children The making of an artist in a materialistic society The clash between civilization and the wilderness The clash between appearance and realities The pain of love (or what passes for it) The conflict of good vs. evil The human’s ability to persevere and survive Facing prejudice/hatred The importance of relationships to humans’ happiness/fulfillment The conflict of making difficult decisions Exhibiting courage The individual’s ability to confront fears