Stem Cell Concept Pg. 721

Signal Transduction Pathways and Cell Differentiation Specialized cell type (neuron, skin cell, red blood cell, etc.) Stem Cell

Blood Cell Formation

Erythropoietin (Epo)

(Epo)

Red Blood Cell Development

EPO Synthesis of proteins that stimulate Red Blood Cell development and prevent apoptosis

Negative Regulation of JAK/STAT Pathway

Mutant EPO Receptor P P Signal to Activate

Seven-Pass Receptors Adrenaline Glucogon TSH, LH Cell Types Heart muscle Skeletal muscle Thyroid Ovary Kidney Intestinal epithelia Contraction Glycogen breakdown Hormone secretion Water retention Ion transport Pg. 546

Activation of G alpha Subunit

Synthesis of cyclic AMP ATP cyclic AMP Adenylyl Cyclase Pg. 550 Protein Kinase A (PKA) CFTR Other Proteins

Targets Transcription Factors Enzymes

Actin Microtubules Intermediate filaments Cytoskeletal Structures Chapter 17

Microtubules Vesicle Transport Chromosome segregation (mitotic spindle) Cilia/Flagella

Tubulin Dimer GTP

GFP-Tagged Centrosomes

Centrosome Structure

TaxolColchicine Pacific Yew Autumn crocus Microtubule “Poisons”

Tau Protein Stabilizes Microtubules in Neurons

Tau Protein

Tau “tangles” Regulation of Microtubule Stability by Tau

Alzheimer’s Brain

Tau Protein

Microtubule “Motor” Proteins

GFP-Tagged Centrosomes

Centrosome Duplication Cycle

Ciliated Cells

Actin Filaments

Actin Monomer

Arp2/3 (Actin Related Proteins) Arp2 Arp3

Gelsolin Protein New minus end New plus end

Acton Poisons

Myosin-II

Muscle Cell

Sarcomere

Contraction of a Sarcomere

Resting Muscle Rigor position

Contraction of a Sarcomere

Tropomyosin blocks access to actin filament

Ca 2+ Binds Troponin C

Muscle Cell

Muscle Relaxants Pancuronium Baclofen Ligand for Seven-pass receptorInhibits Ligand-gated ion channels

Muscle Cell

Pancuronium Muscle cell membrane can not be de-polarized

Baclofin Muscle Cell Membrane Muscle Cell Membrane Muscle cell membrane can not be de-polarized

Muscular Dystrophy Dystrophin gene (2.4 million bp, 78 exons) X-linked Recessive Progressive muscle weakness/loss of skeletal muscle

Pg. 574

Pg. 576

Pg. 577

Pg. 575 Keratin Filaments

Desmosome Pg. 715

Pg. 577

Epidermolysis Bullosa (Keratin mutations) Pg. 577

Epidermolysis Bullosa (Keratin mutations)

Mitotic Cell Cycle DNA Replication

G1SG2 G1 M-Phase

(G1 Phase) (G2 Phase) Semi-Conservative DNA Replication

Binding site for Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) (ORC)

Completing Synthesis of the Lagging Strand (5’ to 3” exonuclease) * *

Thymine Tautomers Pairs with Adenine Pairs with Guanine (common form) (rare form)

DNA Polymerase “proof reading”

End Replication Problem Final RNA primers removed Second round of DNA replication First round of DNA replication * * * * A

Telomere Synthesis

Telomerase RNA 156 nucleotides

Telomere Synthesis

Normal Cell Telomeres Short Telomeres Apoptosis Chromosome Instabilty/DNA Damage

Telomerase Inhibitor Apoptosis Telomostatin ~ 90 of all cancers have Re-activated telomerase

Mitotic Cell Cycle DNA Replication

G1SG2 G1 M-Phase

Cohesion of Sister Chromatids Cohesin “ring”

Nuclear Lamina

Fig (replacement)

Interphase and M-Phase Chromosomes

Condensation of Chromatids

Microtubules

Centrosome Duplication Cycle

Mitotic Spindle

Pg. 641 MetaphaseAnaphase

Pg. 257 Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation Proteasome Amino acids + Ub Protein Ub-Ub-Ub Protein + Ub APC (Ubiquitin Ligase)

Start of Anaphase P

Anaphase “A” and “B”

Cytokinesis

Myosin II - GFP InterphaseTelophase Cytokinesis G1

“Contractile Unit” in Cytokinesis Fig Plasma Membrane Cytosol Septin “ring”