Movement When you care enough to send the very best.

All Responses Involve Movement Raising your hand. Saying “yes” or “no”. Walking away (or toward). Doing “the wave”. Punching out a chad. Typing out an .

Units of Movement Voluntary Movements (skilled: feedback important) most movements are a combination of voluntary and involuntary (ex: walking) Ballistic Movements Reflexes-consistent automatic responses to stimuli Feedback not as important

Skilled Movement KW p. 370 Feedback important Correct mistakes Get better with practice

Dog with an Itch KW p. 363 Ballistic Movement: launched by stimulus Little attention to feedback A dog and his bone.

Sensory Motor Integration KW 10-2

Oliver Sacks Case Study of Christina: loss of sensory feedback

Motor Cortex KW 10-3

Penfield’s Homunculus KW 10-9

Motor Homunculus

Blood Flow Study 1 KW 10-6

Blood Flow Study 2 KW 10-6 Kimura box

Blood Flow Study 3 KW 10-6

Prefrontal Cortex KW 10-3

Prefrontal areas KW 11-16

Functions of the Prefrontal Lobes Assessing damage with a neuropsychological tests.

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Where do you sort the top card on deck?

Stroop Test Used to assess functions of frontal lobe. Ability to change strategies based on need.

Read the following words REDBLUEGREENREDBLUE GREEN REDBLUEGREEN BLUEREDBLUEGREENRED GREENBLUERED BLUE RED GREENBLUEGREEN

Name the Colors XXXX

Name the Color of the Ink REDBLUEGREENREDBLUE GREEN REDBLUEGREEN BLUEREDBLUEGREENRED GREENBLUERED BLUE RED GREENBLUEGREEN

Limbic system KW 11-14

Prefrontal Lobe Damage Lack of care and concern Emotional blunting Poor planning Inability to complete tasks Inability to change plans as need arises. Poor social skills and bonding

Premotor Cortex KW 10-3

Premotor Cortex: Functions Organizing Motor Sequences Praxis = action Apraxia = lack of action Testing for motor sequences Making a pot of coffee Kimura apparatus

Broca’s area Located in premotor cortex Organizes movements of speech Damage causes motor aphasia Poor articulation Tan: understand but cannot produce speech

Motor Cortex KW 10-3

Penfield’s Homunculus KW 10-9

Corticospinal tract KW 10-11

Motor Neurons in Spinal Cord KW 10-12

Control of Muscles KW 10-13

Control of Movement Muscles and their Movement Muscle Control by Proprioceptors proprioceptors-receptor that is sensitive to the position or movement of a part of the body muscle spindle-receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to the stretch of the muscle golgi tendon organ-responds to increases in muscle tension

Sensory receptors for movement KW 10-23

Muscle Spindle brings about muscle contraction When a muscle is stretched, the nerves from the muscle spindles transmit an increased frequency of impulses, resulting in a contraction of the surrounding muscle. Proprioceptors 1 Muscle Spindle

Knee jerk reflex KW 10-27

GTO’s tell muscle to take it easy Contraction of the muscle stimulates the Golgi tendon organ, which acts as a brake or shock absorber to prevent a contraction that is too quick or extreme. Proprioceptors 2 Golgi Tendon Organ

Sensory Homunculus KW 10-32

Sensory Nerves KW 10-24

Sensory Cortex KW 10-31

Sensory streams Kw 10-34

Partners in movement Cerebellum Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum KW 10-20

Cerebellum Functions habit formation timing attention coordination of movements

Prism Vision and the cerebellum 1 KW 10-21

Prism Vision and the cerebellum 2 KW 10-21

Feedback to Cerebellum KW Inferior olive is area in brain stem opposite cerebellum

Cerebellum and Brainstem KW p. 363

Basal Ganglia KW 10-18

Pathways to Basal Ganglia KW Basal Ganglia

Connections from the substantia nigra: (a) normal and (b) in Parkinson’s disease Excitatory paths are shown in green; inhibitory are in red. People with Parkinson’s disease show decreased initiation of movement, slow and inaccurate movement, and psychological depression.

Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms-rigidity, muscle tremors, slow movement, difficulty initiating movement Brain Changes-Selective loss of cells in substantia nigra and amygdala/decrease in dopamine Possible Causes genetics exposure to toxins (MPTP)

Parkinson’s Disease L-Dopa Treatment precursor for dopamine demonstrates individual effectiveness does not stop progression of the disease numerous side effects (nausea, restlessness, sleep problems, low blood pressure, hallucinations, and delusions) Therapies Other Than L-Dopa Pallidotomy Cell transplants Deep brain stimulation