Early Limnology: Temperature Profiles. Lake Zones Zones are dynamic! Input of heat  Mixing forces.

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Presentation transcript:

Early Limnology: Temperature Profiles

Lake Zones Zones are dynamic! Input of heat  Mixing forces

The stratification and mixing cycle of an average-sized, temperate lake

Stratification and Mixing

The Whole Cycle in One Confusing Figure!

Factors that influence stratification pattern Heating / Density  Wind / Waves Depth Surface Area Topography / Location / Exposure

The Family of Lake Cycles Temperature Incident Solar Radiation

The Family of Lake Cycles

Amictic Perennially ice-covered Inversely stratified

The Family of Lake Cycles

Cold Monomictic Water temperature never exceeds 4  C Ice-covered for most of the year = inversely stratified One period of free circulation in summer at or below 4  C

The Family of Lake Cycles

Dimictic

The Family of Lake Cycles

Warm Monomictic Circulates once in winter at or above 4  C Directly stratified for the rest of the year Not ice covered

The Family of Lake Cycles

Oligomictic Stable, direct stratification most of the year Circulation at irregular intervals (scale of years) during cool periods

The Family of Lake Cycles

Polymictic Frequent periods of mixing per year Not ice-covered

Cold Polymictic Equatorial, high elevation Hovering around 4  C Intense heat during day (stratification) Intense cooling at night (mixing)

Warm Polymictic Warm throughout (i.e., well above 4  C) Sometimes get intense heating of epilimnion = development of weak stratification.

4  C is IMPORTANT

Holomixis: Circulation occurs throughout the entire water column. Meromixis: Primary water mass never mixes with the lower portion.

Stratification in meromictic lakes Monimolimnion: deep stratum, high salinity Chemolimnion: strong salinity gradient Mixolimnion: upper stratum (i.e., epi-, meta-, and hypolimnion)

How does the salt get there? Ectogenic meromixis Crenogenic meromixis Biogenic meromixis

Consequences of meromixis Monimolimnion = Dead Zone Chemolimnion = Heat Trap

More Blue More Red Frequency Wavelength

Consequences of meromixis Hot Lake, north-central WA On top of epsom salt excavation High MgSO 4 in monimolimnion Temperature in monimolimnion can get to 50  C!

Why Lake Circulation Matters: Lake Nyos Gas Disaster

Lake Nyos Degassing Project Pipe is 203 m long and 14.5 cm in diameter. Upper end attached to raft and supported by lines to shore.

Oxygen Light Temperature

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Temperature fluctuations along the streams

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