Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language Deny A. Kwary Airlangga University.

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Presentation transcript:

Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language Deny A. Kwary Airlangga University

Grammatical vs. Ungrammatical  Well-formed or grammatical sentence: a sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax.  Ill-formed or ungrammatical sentence: a sequence of words that violate the rules of syntax

Grammatical or Ungrammatical: 1. The boy found the ball 2. The boy found quickly 3. The boy found in the house 4. The boy found the ball in the house 5. Disa slept the baby 6. Disa slept soundly Find: Transitive verb (with object) Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object) pp

Syntactic Categories (1) Lexical categories  Noun (N)  Verb (V)  Adjective (A)  Preposition (P)  Adverb (Adv) Examples  moisture, policy  melt, remain  good, intelligent  to, near  slowly, now

Syntactic Categories (2) Non-lexical categories  Determiner (Det)  Degree word (Deg)  Qualifier (Qual)  Auxiliary (Aux)  Conjunction (Conj)  Complementizer (Comp) Examples  the, this  very, more  always, perhaps  will, can  and, or  that (clause)

Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a. The glass suddenly broke. b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane. c. The peaches never appear quite ripe. d. Gillian will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra. Det / N / Adv / V Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A

Phrases  NP : Noun Phrase The car, a clever student  VP : Verb Phrase study hard, play the guitar  PP : Prepositional Phrase in the class, above the earth  AP : Adjective Phrase very tall, quite certain

Phrase Structure Rules  NP  (Det) N (PP)  PP  P NP The bus (NP) The NDet bus The bus in the yard NP The NDet bus PP in NPP the DetN yard

Phrase Structure Rules  VP  V (NP) (PP)  S  NP (Aux) VP took the money (VP) took NPV took the money from the bank VP took NP V PP from NPP the DetN bank the DetN money the DetN money

Draw the tree diagram. 1. repaired the telephone 2. the success of the program 3. a film about pollution 4. move towards the window 5. cast a spell on the broomstick

The main structure rules 1. S  NP (Aux) VP 2. NP  (Det) (AP) N (PP) 3. VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv) (CP) 4. PP  P NP 5. AP  Adj (PP) 6. CP  Comp S

Example (1) The old tree swayed in the wind old VPP in NPP the DetN wind The N swayed S NPVP DetAdj tree Aux past

Example (2) The children put the toy in the box VPP in NPP the DetN boxThe N put S NPVP Det children NP the DetN toy

Exercise # 7 a – e p.167