1 Biodiesel Fleet Test - B5 RANGER PROJECT Leandro H. Benvenutti Fuels & Lubricants - Ford Motor Company Brasil June 10, 2008

2 ●Project Participants ●Project Objectives ●Project Structure ●Vehicle Equipments ●Test Plan and Timing ●Control Items ●Preliminary Results ●Preliminary Conclusions Summary

3 Ranger Project Participants

4 Project Objectives ●Ranger Project was designed with the following objectives: Test the use of B5 blends from Soya and Castor seed oil in real world conditions (as close as possible); Evaluate overall engine performance with these fuels compared to petroleum diesel: power, torque, fuel consumption and emissions; Evaluate potential effects on durability of: engine, injection system and fuel system; Evaluate B5 degradation during storage periods.

5 Project Structure - Test Fleet ●Vehicles selected for this test meet EURO 3 emission standard and are equipped with modern Common Rail Injection Systems. ●Test fleet is composed by: 2 vehicles running with petroleum diesel (reference vehicles); 2 vehicles running with 5% of Castor seed (Mamona) Methyl Ester (B5); 2 vehicles running with 5% of Soya Methyl Ester (B5). Common Rail System by Continental (former Siemens/VDO)

6 ●Exclusive dedication to the project: 1 Mechanical Engineer; 1 Supervisor; 2 Chemical technicians; 4 Aux. of vehicular research; 2 Chemical analysts; 1 secretary. ●Partial Dedication: 7 Mechanical Engineers; 2 PhD Chemists. 2 Chemical analysts. Project Structure - Team Operational vehicle Team was specially trained by Ford engineers to be able to correctly operate all vehicle systems and also perform basic maintenance, without risks to the project.

7 Vehicles Equipments Additional tank for 310 liters allows: improved autonomy (more than km) and better control over fuels to be used. Onboard equipments used to record operational conditions: vehicle speed and engine speed. Also allows instant written communication with base.

8 Example of reports generated by vehicles monitoring systems Vehicles Equipments

9 Infra-Red portable equipment used to measure the biodiesel concentration in diesel. Infra-Red portable equipment used to measure the biodiesel concentration in diesel. Vehicles Equipments

10 Remote Monitoring system – Via Satellite: Allows to follow the instantaneous position of the fleet. - Autotrac / Software Supervisor - Vehicles Equipments

11 Vehicles – Project Launching Event

12 Test Plan ●Vehicles planned to accumulate 100,000 km running in 9 different routes to cover all regions of Bahia State. Drives to other regions in the southwest were also included. ●In order to guarantee that all 6 vehicles will be submitted to the same test conditions, following rules were created: All vehicles runs together all the time, following a leader; Same regular diesel is used for both B5 blends preparation and also to fill up the reference vehicles; Drivers are rotated among vehicles; Vehicles position are rotated in the fleet.

13 Project Timing Vehicles and components preparation phase Run km – Generate Partial Reports Analysis and reports JunMayAprMarFebJanDecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFebJanDecNovOctSepJul

14 Control Items Before and After the Test ● Components dimensioned: Engines, Injection Systems, Filters, Fuel Delivery Modules ● Injection System Mapped ● Torque and Power curves ● Fuel Consumption ● Emissions levels measured for following gases NOx - HC - CO - PM ● Fuel System Components Lines, tank, connectors, rubbers, sealers, joints, etc. ● Exhaust System

15 FUELB100 Soya Complete characterization every new batch and ageing properties after stored. B100 Castor Seed Oil B5 Soya Same diesel is used for reference vehicles and blends preparation. Every batch blended is submitted to analysis along with pure diesel. B5 Castor Oil Petroleum Diesel LUBRICANT SAE 15W-40, API CI-4 New All properties are monitored in order to verify potential effects of biodiesel Every km FILTERSFuel Visual analysis, differential pressure and water separation performance for fuel filters. Lubricant VEHICLESPosition (via satellite) Fleet monitoring to avoid misuse or abuse. Speed Engine rpm Control Items During the Test

16 View of the On-Board Diary. This document was filled every days by the vehicle operator.

17 ●Engine: Before test start all engines were submitted to following measurements, with regular diesel and B5 blend of Soya or Castor seed oil (depending on the fuel that such engine was suppose to run during the test): − Torque, Power, Oil and Fuel Consumption and Emissions Same measurements were performed after the test.  There were no measurable differences between different fuels in a same engine, for all characteristics under study.  Comparisons of results obtained before and after the one year test also does not show measurable differences. Preliminary Results - ENGINE

18 Red: B5 Soya Blue: Mineral Diesel Test Start – Torque and Power Curves

19 Red: B5 Castor Seed (Mamona) Blue: Mineral Diesel Test Start – Torque and Power Curves

20 ●Fuels: B100 was produced by Petrobras in their Guamaré/RN plant. All properties were determined and meet current Brazilian biodiesel regulation. All blends produced using local regular diesel with biodiesel meet all requirements of Brazilian diesel specification. Fuel consumption was not affected by fuel type. Preliminary Results - FUELS

21 ●Lubricants : Engine oil is changed every km, according to normal vehicle service recommendation. 200 engine oil samples were collected and analyzed in order to check physical-chemical properties. All properties analyzed showed excellent performance.  Higher viscosity increase observed was lower than 5%.  TBN decrease was lower than 10%.  Oxidation and insoluble were very low.  Soot according to acceptance criteria.  Fuel dilution data is not available yet, but other analysis indicate that this contamination was not significant: − No fuel smell from samples; − No viscosity reduction; − No significant varnish formation; − No significant levels of wear metals. Preliminary Results - LUBRICANT

22 ●Filters: Oil filters did not show any issue. Differential pressure increase after test was very low. Fuel filters also presented very good results. Differential pressure increase was low and water separation efficiency after test was within the limits for a new system (>93%). However the results of differential pressure of filters that used Castor Seed (Mamona) oil were significantly higher then the others. Preliminary Results - FILTERS

23 Fuel Filters – Differential Pressure

24 Deposits removed from the fuel tank pre-filter of one of the castor oil B5 fueled vehicle Deposits Analysis Result: Fat acid methyl-esther of high melting point (solid at ambient temperature), typical of castor seed biodiesel. Deposits - Castor Seed B100 Castor Oil B100 before the purification step of the production process Castor Oil B100 after the purification step of the production process. High melting point Biodiesel was removed. This result indicated the need for an additional purification step in the production of biodiesel – Cold Filtration

25 Before purification step of Castor Seed B100 After purification step of Castor Seed B100 Fuel Filters – Differential Pressure

26 Preliminary Conclusions ● Considering the results available in this stage of the project, there are no evidences that B5 will cause problems to the vehicles being tested. ● Final report of component analysis are required to confirm this information. Project website: Contacts: Leandro H. Benvenutti - Fuels & Lubricants Phone: