Biochemistry Biology EOC Goal 2

Umm…why are we learning about chemistry in biology?

BECAUSE…..BECAUSE….. Every biological process is part of a chemical reaction! All of the energy we need depends on chemical reactions!

Why are we learning about Chemistry??? 6 elements make up over 90% of your body! C, H, N, O, P, S (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur)

Basic Chemistry

Basic Chemistry REMINDERS… Chemical symbols are used to represent each element. – Found on the Periodic Table

Basic Chemistry REMINDERS… Compounds are combinations of 2 or more elements.

pH Scale Reminder…

Biochemistry

BiochemistryBiochemistry Study of the chemicals necessary for living things. Also called Organic Chemistry. – Involves the element carbon (C)

BiochemistryBiochemistry Terms to Know: – Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance Example: like one Lego block – Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; also called macromolecules Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house

BiochemistryBiochemistry Types of Organic Molecules (Macromolecules) 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Also called sugars and starches Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose) Function: to store and release quick energy (but if not used, these are stored as fat)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates One unit of sugar (monomer )  monosaccharide – Example: glucose, fructose Two units of sugar  Disaccharide – Example: sucrose, lactose Many units of sugars (polymer)  Polysaccharide

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Examples of Polysaccharides – Starch  sugars in plants – Glycogen  energy storage in animal muscle – Cellulose  found in plant cell walls; animals can not digest

Lipids

LipidsLipids Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a non-specific ratio (Example: C 21 H 17 O 43 ) Functions: – Quick energy (twice as much as carbs) – Cell membranes – Insulation – Body padding

LipidsLipids Monomer  glycerol and 3 fatty acids

LipidsLipids Types of Lipids (Fats) – Saturated – bonds in molecule are unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard) – Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils) – Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)

Proteins

ProteinsProteins Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Monomer  amino acids Polymer  polypeptide

ProteinsProteins Functions of Proteins – Cell movement – Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage – Homeostasis regulation (hormones and enzymes) – Defense against disease (antibodies)

ProteinsProteins Enzymes are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

More Detail on Enzymes… Enzymes are important proteins found in living things Definition of an Enzyme: Protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. – Speed reactions in food digestion – Activity of an enzyme depends on temperature, ionic conditions, and pH of the surroundings.

Creating Optimum Conditions Determined by: – Temperature – pH – Concentration of enzyme/subst rate/ coenzyme

Nucleic Acids

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Function  control genetic information Monomer  nucleic acid Polymers – DNA  deoxyribonucleic acid – RNA  ribonucleic acid