The Garland Handbook Of Latin American Music Part Three: Nations and Musical Traditions, South America, Brazil, Central and Southern Areas

Cultural Heritage  Pre-Colombian Little known of musical traditions Little known of musical traditions Existing written accounts reflect biased perspective of European missionaries, chroniclers Existing written accounts reflect biased perspective of European missionaries, chroniclers  European Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic Church Condition of Church in Brazil impacted social organization, religious, and musical activities, and development of Christianity in Central and Southern BrazilCondition of Church in Brazil impacted social organization, religious, and musical activities, and development of Christianity in Central and Southern Brazil Christian festivities primary context for socializing, music makingChristian festivities primary context for socializing, music making Jesuit missionaries greatly impacted local indigenous musical traditionsJesuit missionaries greatly impacted local indigenous musical traditions

Musical Instruments  Common Instruments Idiophones Idiophones Ganzá (shaker)Ganzá (shaker) Rêco-rêco (scraper)Rêco-rêco (scraper) Afoxé (friction rattle)Afoxé (friction rattle) Agogô (double bell)Agogô (double bell) Membranophones Membranophones Pandeiro (tambourine)Pandeiro (tambourine) Caixa (medium, double-headed drum with or without snare)Caixa (medium, double-headed drum with or without snare) Tamborim (small, single-headed frame drum)Tamborim (small, single-headed frame drum) Repique, or Repinique (medium size single-headed drum)Repique, or Repinique (medium size single-headed drum) Atabaque (conical drum)Atabaque (conical drum) Surdo (bass drum)Surdo (bass drum)

Musical Instruments  Common instruments (cont.) Aerophones Aerophones Gaita (acccordion)Gaita (acccordion) Chordophones Chordophones Viola (guitar with five single or double course strings)Viola (guitar with five single or double course strings) Violão (guitar)Violão (guitar) Cavaquinho (small, four-stringed guitar like instrument)Cavaquinho (small, four-stringed guitar like instrument) Bandolim (small mandolin-like instrument)Bandolim (small mandolin-like instrument) Rabeca (folk derived violin)Rabeca (folk derived violin)

Central and Southern Brazilian Music  Musical development (Colonial period) Linked with economic and social development of region Linked with economic and social development of region Gold and coffee boomsGold and coffee booms Brought outside influences Brought outside influences Fostered development of urban life Fostered development of urban life In Rio In Rio Reflected political and musical influence of Portugal (and Europe in general)Reflected political and musical influence of Portugal (and Europe in general) Centered around the ChurchCentered around the Church Provided context for first known Brazilian musical formsProvided context for first known Brazilian musical forms Lundu and Modinha (attributed to Domingos Caldas Barbosa— ) Lundu and Modinha (attributed to Domingos Caldas Barbosa— )

Contemporary Brazilian Music  Contexts and genres Reflect processes of inter-cultural interaction (as elsewhere in the Americas), as well as distinct character of region Reflect processes of inter-cultural interaction (as elsewhere in the Americas), as well as distinct character of region Rural genres and contexts Rural genres and contexts Associated with religious events (popular)Associated with religious events (popular) i.e., the saint Gonçalo dance, folias de reis, and ternos i.e., the saint Gonçalo dance, folias de reis, and ternos The music and its use generally reflect function and meaning of event (i.e., the toadas used by folias de reis and saint Gonçalo dance) The music and its use generally reflect function and meaning of event (i.e., the toadas used by folias de reis and saint Gonçalo dance) Urban genres and contexts Urban genres and contexts Previously reflected class distinctionsPreviously reflected class distinctions Samba—once marginalized, now emblematic of Brazilian culture Samba—once marginalized, now emblematic of Brazilian culture Development reflects social, economic, political events and developmentsDevelopment reflects social, economic, political events and developments Contemporary genres include bossa nova and Brazilian popular music (MPB)Contemporary genres include bossa nova and Brazilian popular music (MPB)

Contemporary Brazilian Music  Music among rural immigrant communities in Brazilian urban centers Serves as means of mediating experience of immigration, creating solidarity, and expressing particular identity and values Serves as means of mediating experience of immigration, creating solidarity, and expressing particular identity and values How does this relate to other immigrant communities in Latin America?How does this relate to other immigrant communities in Latin America? (See also Music of Immigrant Groups, pp ) (See also Music of Immigrant Groups, pp )