14-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 14 Stress and Stress Management

14-3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Causes of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Stress is any reaction or response made by the body to a new situation. continued

14-4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Causes of Stress continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Eustress  the kind of pleasant, desirable stress you might feel when playing tennis or attending a party.  Distress  The negative kind of stress you might feel during an illness or when you are going through a divorce. continued

14-5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Causes of Stress continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  A stressor is a situation or event that causes the body to react.  Stress can be caused by both major life changes and everyday hassles.  Stressors can be internal or external.

14-6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Life Changes and Daily Hassles McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Any change can be stressful, especially major life changes.  According to some stress researchers, however, the daily hassles that everyone experiences can be very stressful as well.  These can be more stressful as the tend to pile up on top of one another.

14-7 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chronic Stressors McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Chronic stressors are inescapable, day-to-day situations or conditions that cause stress.  They are more stressful than daily hassles, but not as stressful as a major life change. continued

14-8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chronic Stressors continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Examples of chronic stressors are:  Poverty  Ongoing abuse  Long-term health problems.

14-9 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. External Stressors McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Pain or Discomfort Frustration Inner Conflict

14-10 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Internal Stressors McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CognitiveAppraisal Unnecessary Stress of Irrational Beliefs

14-11 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Ellis’ ABC Approach to Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. ActivatingEvent Belief Consequences

14-12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Type A and Type B Personalities McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  A third type of internal stressor is personality factors, also known as Type A and Type B personalities.  Type A: impatience, hostility, perfectionism, sense of time urgency.  Type B: flexibility, the ability to relax and delegate work, minimal sense of time urgency. continued

14-13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Type A and Type B Personalities continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Another type of personality is the hardy personality, or resilient personality.  Characterized by the ability to meet challenges, a sense of commitment, and a feeling of being in control of life.

14-14 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Physical Effects of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Stress can have more than just emotional and psychological effects.  It can also have serious, even life- threatening, physical effects.

14-15 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Our Bodies Adapt to Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  In his book The Stress of Life, Hans Selye developed and tested a theory about what stress does to people physically.  He called it general adaptation syndrome (G.A.S.).

14-16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stage of Exhaustion General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.) McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. STRESSOR Stage of Adaptation Fight-or-FlightResponse Alarm Stage

14-17 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stress and the Immune System McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The immune system severs three basic functions: 1. Recognizing foreign cells and attacking them. 2. Developing antibodies to recognize foreign invaders in the future. 3. Sending white blood cells and other helper cells to the location of an injury or infection to speed healing. continued

14-18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stress and the Immune System continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Just by having chronic stress, you can actually weaken your immune system and fall victim to an illness you could normally be able to fight off.  By paying attention to factors such as nutrition, exercise, and proper sleep, you can avoid the long-term effects of most types of stress.

14-19 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cost of Stress in the Workplace McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Stress-related problems cost the American economy more than $300 billion every year.  Close to 90% of visits to the doctor are for stress-related symptoms. continued

14-20 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cost of Stress in the Workplace continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Employees increasingly report job stress- related:  Headaches  Back pain  Exhaustion  Anxiety  Anger  Insomnia  Digestive upsets continued

14-21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cost of Stress in the Workplace continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Employees reported stress from management, including:  Having no say in decisions  Too much or too little structure  Racism  Sexism  Frustrating company policies  Low pay continued

14-22 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cost of Stress in the Workplace continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Employees also have stressful relationships with:  Supervisors  Peers  Other staff members continued

14-23 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cost of Stress in the Workplace continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. They have individual stressors as well:  Boredom  Work overload  Too much responsibility  No promotions  Disagreements with managers

14-24 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Beating Burnout McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Job burnout is physical and emotional exhaustion resulting from long-term stress or frustration in one’s workplace.  There are some simple principles you can follow to beat burnout. continued

14-25 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Beating Burnout continued McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Workload must be manageable. 2. Employees need a sense of control. 3. Employees must have an opportunity for rewards. 4. A feeling of community buoys employees. 5. Trusting the workplace to be fair keeps employees loyal. 6. Shared values promote ethical behavior.

14-26 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategy for Success 14.1: Discard Irrational Beliefs 1. Evaluate the consequences of the belief. 2. Identify your belief system. 3. Dispute the self-defeating belief. 4. Practice effective ways of thinking.

14-27 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategy for Success 14.2: Making Collaborations Work 1. Take charge of your life. 2. Use humor. 3. Compare yourself to others. 4. Take advantage of stress. 5. Learn to live with unavoidable stress.

14-28 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Relations, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Strategy for Success 14.3: Stop Conflicts Before They Start 1. Use relaxation techniques. 2. Increase your fitness: Exercise, eat well, and reduce/quit smoking and drinking. 3. Make time for rest and leisure. 4. Get social support. 5. Try to reduce stress in the workplace. 6. Manage your time. 7. Stop procrastinating!

Chapter 14 End of Chapter 14