Harvard University Oracle Database Administration Session 3 Installation

Harvard University Announcements  The TA sessions will be held at 53 Church St., Room 202  The first TA session starts tonight 7:35PM, after class.  Online TA session Thursday nights 7:30PM to 9:30PM  Web site

Harvard University

The OFA Standard

Harvard University Oracle Directory Structure

Harvard University Files  Datafiles contain the actual data stored in a database  The Parameter file contain the initialization parameters used to create the memory area it will use, to manage the database  Control files map the physical files of the database to the logical tablespaces and online redo logs. It helps ensure the database remains consistent

Harvard University Files  Redo files contain enough information to allow Oracle to reconstruct or back out a transaction, if the database should shutdown before these changes have been written to the disk  INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, ALTER, or DROP operations generate redo  Alert and Trace files contain information on the health of the database and provides warnings when problems occur

Harvard University Files  Backup files contain copies of the database files and can be used to recover the database.  The standard convention for file extensions or endings to file names are – data files.dbf – control files.ctl – redo log files.dbf (some use.rdo) – parameter file.ora

Harvard University Datafiles and Tablespaces

Harvard University Oracle’s “Logical” World  A Tablespace is a logical division of a database.  Each tablespace is made up of one or more datafiles.  A datafile belongs to one tablespace

Harvard University Oracle’s “Logical” World  A tablespace can belong to only one database  There must be at least two tablespaces SYSTEM and SYSAUX to create a database  Other include USERS, UNDO, TOOLS, etc.

Harvard University Undo segments  Undo segments hold the before image of the data in a transaction  As a program begins to change the data in the database, Oracle changes the physical blocks that contain that information.  Before changing the data block buffers in the SGA or writing to disk, Oracle takes a copy of this data in an undo segment

Harvard University Tablespace Examples – System holds all objects owned by the sys user – SYSAUX is an auxiliary tablespace to the SYSTEM tablespace – Rollback (RBS) (undo) is used to store the rollback segments – Temp (Temporary) is used for sort functions.

Harvard University Tablespace Examples – Users is the default space for user accounts – Tools should be the default space for the system user, after database creation. – Data holds the ‘real’ application data – Index holds the index data for the application

Harvard University System Requirements  Memory minimum of 1024M required for Oracle11g installation  /usr/sbin/prtconf | grep “Memory size”  Disk space of approx 3.3GB needed for the Oracle11g Enterprise Edition  400MB swap minimum  /usr/sbin/swap –l  400MB free space in the /tmp directory  df -k /tmp

Harvard University Operating System Requirements  O/S Solaris 9 or 10  uname -r  O/S kernel patch set version for the specific O/S version  /bin/isainfo -kv

Harvard University Operating System Requirements  We need a native window manager or some xterm emulation software. Character mode installs are not supported in 9i or 10g  The Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) is java based

Harvard University Operating System Requirements  The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is shipped with Oracle10g and 11g  To determine your operating system information, use the following commands – uname –a for system information – showrev –p for patch levels

Harvard University Root Level Setup  Configure the Kernal  Create the mount points – /u01 – /u02 – /u0??  Create the dba group  Create the Oracle user

Harvard University Kernel Parameters  These are the kernel parameters for Oracle11g  All are found in the /etc/system file  For Solaris you can also use /etc/project  Shared Memory is a region that can be shared between different processes – shmmax 4GB (max) ( ) – shmmni100

Harvard University Kernel Parameters  SHMMAX - kernel parameter controlling maximum size of one shared memory segment  SEMMNI - kernel parameter controls the maximum number of semaphore sets. Semaphores in Unix are allocated in sets of 1 to SEMMSL.  SEMMSL - kernel parameter controls the maximum number of semaphores in a semaphore set.  SEMMNS - kernel parameter controls the maximum number of semaphores in the system

Harvard University Kernel Parameters  What is a Semaphore – ming) ming) – nition/0,,sid39_gci212959,00.html nition/0,,sid39_gci212959,00.html  Semaphores – semmni100 – semmsl256 – semmns256

Harvard University Kernel Parameters  ipcs: The ipcs utility provides information about active inter-process communication facilities – man ipcs  ipcrm: Can be used to remove a message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory ID – man ipcrm

Harvard University Oracle Requirements  Oracle 11g cannot be installed into an older oracle_home, that contains Oracle Software earlier than 11g

Harvard University Unix Account  The DBA Unix group  The Oracle Unix account – Set umask to 022, sets the file creation mask – Set the DISPLAY variable DISPLAY=ora256.dce.harvard.edu:0.0 (Another example DISPLAY= :0.0) export DISPLAY

Harvard University Unix Account  ORACLE_BASE is the directory at the top of the Oracle Software and administrative file structure. The OFA-recommended value is {mount_point}/app/oracle  ORACLE_HOME is the directory that contains the Oracle software for a given release. $ORACLE_BASE/product/release_version is the OFA standard

Harvard University Unix Account  NLS_LANG is required if creating a database using a character set different than US7ASCII (the default)  ORA_NLS10 is required if creating a database with a storage character set other than US7ASCII.

Harvard University Unix Account  To update the current session –../.profile for Bourne or Korn  To get the disk space available use the following – df –k | cat  To describe the environment and list the variables – env

Harvard University Example Profile  # Local.profile  # Set Environment  set -a – EDITOR=vi – TERM=vt100 – # Set Oracle Environment – ORACLE_BASE=/export/home/oracle – ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/10.0.1test – TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin – ORACLE_TERM=vt100 – LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH: – TMPDIR=/tmp – # Set Path Search Directories – PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:  set +a  umask 022

Harvard University Installation  Mount the CD – This usually mounts automatically to /cdrom/oracle10g  If not, login as root – su root – mkdir cdrom – Manually mount the CD  mount –r –F hsfs device_name /cdrom

Harvard University Installation  For 11g when codeset downloaded from Oracle website and expanded – 11g/database – solaris.sparc64_11gR1_database.zip 2GB

Harvard University Installation  Start the OUI as the Oracle user  Go to the CD-ROM mount point – cd /cdrom/oracle10g  Start the OUI –./runInstaller &

Harvard University Inventory  Orainventory is a repository of all installed Oracle products  Make it Oracle Home specific  /var/opt/oracle for Sun Solaris – oraInst.loc  /etc for HPUX, AIX

Harvard University Inventory  #Oracle Installer Location File Location  inst_group=dba  #inventory_loc=/u01/app/oracle/oraInventory  inventory_loc=/u01/app/oracle/product/oraInventory

Harvard University

Notes  Assignment 1  TA Session  Use the Blog to work together