Central Dogma of Biology. How genes control biological activity.

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Presentation transcript:

Central Dogma of Biology

How genes control biological activity

Information is stored in colinear subunit sequences

Reproduction and Catalysis single strandedness - complex 3D shape nucleic acids - replication

Is protein synthesized from DNA directly? Prescot used a pulse-chase experiment to find out:

Transcription

Transcription Animation

Elongation

Overview of Transcription

Replication

Transcription

Replication Transcription

Only one strand is copied in transcription

Termination of Transcription - Palidromes/hairpins

Termination of Transcription

How can nucleic acids store the info for protein structure? They are both unbranched chains of subunits (have 1° structure)

Genetic Code

Coding Ratios: Triplet Code? coding ratio R number of words 4 1 = = = 64 4 R adequacy 4 < < > 20

Confirmation that the genetic code is a triplet code frame shift suppressors THE BIG CAT ATE THE FAT RAT THE BGC ATA TET HEF ATR AT... large frame shift mutation wild type THE BIG CAT ATE THE FAT RAT THE BCA TAT ETH EFA TRA T... large frame shift mutation THE BIG CAT ATE THE FAT RAT THE BAT ATE THE FAT RAT... small frame shift mutation 1 deletion 2 nucleotides deleted 3 nucleotides deleted

Early investigations of the genetic code using in vitro translation systems using uniform precursor pools to produce artificial mRNA: in vitro translation system only A poly-A mRNA poly-Lys protein AAA codes for Lys only G poly-G mRNA poly-Pro protein GGG codes for Pro only C poly-C mRNA poly-Gly protein CCC codes for Gly only U poly-U mRNA poly-Phe protein UUU codes for Phe

final investigations of the genetic code using in vitro translation systems making specific 3-nucleotide mRNAs: in vitro translation system for each codon check which aa associates with ribosome

Genetic Code

Central Dogma of Biology

tRNA

tRNA has a complicated shape

Loading an amino acid on a tRNA

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

mRNA

rRNA ribozymes

Ribosomal compartments

Ribosomes are complex structures

Formation of a peptide bond

Polysomes

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

The Central Dogma

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