Increased Diversity of Workforce Chapter 3 Daphne Harley, MPA Adjunct Faculty – PPA 530

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Diversity creates Opportunity Research needed: Research needed: –to help practitioners understand, anticipate and address challenges –Identify key components of diversity –Provide current data on magnitude

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Changing U.S. Workforce Gender Diversity Gender Diversity Dual – Income Dual – Income Older Workers Older Workers Generational Differences Generational Differences Racial and Ethnic Minorities Racial and Ethnic Minorities

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Gay and Lesbians Gay and Lesbians Disabled Workers Disabled Workers Contingent Workers Contingent Workers Alternative Work Arrangements Alternative Work Arrangements Workplace Illiteracy Workplace Illiteracy

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Current Diversity Research Data gap relative to women, minorities and disadvantaged Data gap relative to women, minorities and disadvantaged Trend is for less rather than more data on these topics Trend is for less rather than more data on these topics

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Need for study of relationship of diversity dimensions & variables such as communication, conflict,influence and decision-making. Need for study of relationship of diversity dimensions & variables such as communication, conflict,influence and decision-making.

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Research Findings There are differences between various identity groups There are differences between various identity groups Survey of 322 White & African-American managers Survey of 322 White & African-American managers Ranked importance of several job characteristics: Ranked importance of several job characteristics: –Respect for others, job security, income & working conditions = Extrinsic factors

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Research Findings –Opportunity to take risks, work on important problems, supervise others, & develop personal contacts = Managerial factors –Working independently, & determining one’s own work method = Independence –Importance of task variety, feelings of accomplishment, and recognition for job well done = Intrinsic factors

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Research Conclusions African-Am female and male managers place greater emphasis on Extrinsic and Independence factors than do White managers. African-Am female and male managers place greater emphasis on Extrinsic and Independence factors than do White managers.

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 African-Am female and White female managers place greater emphasis on Intrinsic factors than do males. African-Am female and White female managers place greater emphasis on Intrinsic factors than do males.

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 What it Means No significant differences between the two in regards to Managerial factors. No significant differences between the two in regards to Managerial factors. Differences influence how workers feel about workplace culture. For ex. Differences influence how workers feel about workplace culture. For ex. African-American employees historically by far the most critical of corporate treatment of minorities (usually centers on Issues of Extrinsic & Independence values) African-American employees historically by far the most critical of corporate treatment of minorities (usually centers on Issues of Extrinsic & Independence values)

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Other Studies Explored racial & ethnic diversity and resistance to diversity. Explored racial & ethnic diversity and resistance to diversity. White non-Hispanic males in companies with aggressive diversity programs feel frustrated, resentful and afraid. White non-Hispanic males in companies with aggressive diversity programs feel frustrated, resentful and afraid. –They exhibit “first-born” behavior

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Other Studies – cont’d Some think discrimination likely to increase as diversity increases Some think discrimination likely to increase as diversity increases Literature review suggest the opposite – i.e. diverse group increase creativity Literature review suggest the opposite – i.e. diverse group increase creativity Homogeneous groups have higher job satisfaction & lower turn-over Homogeneous groups have higher job satisfaction & lower turn-over Women in male dominated jobs treated with hostility by male co-workers. Women in male dominated jobs treated with hostility by male co-workers.

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Other Studies- cont’d When ratio of male to female is equal, men have lower job satisfaction & self-esteem, and more job-related depression. When ratio of male to female is equal, men have lower job satisfaction & self-esteem, and more job-related depression.

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 When women ratio higher, men have lower levels of psychological attachment to job, increased absences, and lower intent to stay. Same for Whites. When women ratio higher, men have lower levels of psychological attachment to job, increased absences, and lower intent to stay. Same for Whites. Token women are isolated, but token men are socially integrated into female group. Token women are isolated, but token men are socially integrated into female group.

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Other Studies – cont’d Gender Studies show men and women have different Learning styles Gender Studies show men and women have different Learning styles Men & women also have different management styles: Men & women also have different management styles: –Competitive vs Cooperative –Vertical vs Horizontal hierarchy –Winning vs Quality Output –Rational & Objective vs Intuitive & Subjective –Authoritarian vs Participative Leadership

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 Other Studies – cont’d Study documenting Anglos vs Hispanic employees of local government agency: Study documenting Anglos vs Hispanic employees of local government agency: –Hispanic employees satisfaction with job policies, tasks, pay & co-workers increased with their level in the organization; –moving from less to more satisfied as they moved up into management.

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 More Research Hispanics fastest growing population, but limited studies document their experiences Hispanics fastest growing population, but limited studies document their experiences

April 17, 2007 PPA 530 More Research Needed More study needed: Other ethnic groups Gay & Lesbian Disabled