أ.د. محمد بسيونى و أ.د. محمود عارف

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Presentation transcript:

أ.د. محمد بسيونى و أ.د. محمود عارف مقدمة الصخور الرسوبية EPS 221 أ.د. محمد بسيونى و أ.د. محمود عارف جامعة الملك عبد العزيز – كلية علوم الأرض – قسم جيولوجيا البترول و الترسبات

المراجع أ.د. محمد بن حسين بسيونى – الموقع الألكترونى www.kau.edu.sa/mbasyoni موريس تاكر – مقدمة فى الصخور الرسوبية - بالإنجليزية

Syllabus for the Lectures Course Sedimentary Petrology (EPS 221) Lecture 1: Introduction and general plan of the course. Lecture 2: Rock cycle, abundance of sedimentary rocks in the Earth's crust. Lecture 3: Origin of sediments and sedimentary rocks, lithification, classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic and non-clastic sedimentary rocks). Lecture 4: Texture of clastic sediments (grain size, Udden-Wentworth size scale, how to measure grain size) Lecture 5: presentation of grain size data, sorting, skeweness. Monthly Test No. 1. Lecture 6: Grain morphology (shape, sphericity, roundness), Distribution of the project. Lecture 7: Mid Term Exam. Lecture 8: Primary sedimentary structures Lecture 9: Primary sedimentary structures Lecture 10: Mineral composition of clastic rocks (General and specific for each rock type). Lecture 11: Mineral composition of non-clastic rocks (carbonates, evaporites, phosphates, chert, ironstones). Lecture 12: Description of clastic rocks-1 (conglomerate, sandstone). Monthly Test No. 2. Lecture 13: Description of clastic rocks-2: (siltstone, mudstone, shale, claystone) + Diagenesis. Lecture 14: Description of non-clastic rocks – 1: (limestones, dolomite). Receiving the report of the project. Lecture 15: Description of non-clastic rocks – 2: (evaporites, chert, phosphate) + Diagenesis. Lecture 16: Final Exam.

Syllabus for the Lab Course Sedimentary Petrology (EPS 221) Lab 01: System, and precaution in the lab, how to use the petrographic microscope. Lab 02: Grain size analysis, dry sieving, representation of grain size data Lab 03: Grain size analysis, dry sieving, representation of grain size data. Lab 04: General rock description for clastic and non-clastic rocks. Lab 05: Conglomerate and Breccia (rock samples and thin sections). Lab 06: Sandstones; classification, description of rock samples & thin sections. Lab 07: Petrographic description of sandstone. Lab 08: Mudstone, siltstone, claystone and shale Lab 09: Test Lab 10: Classification of limestone according to Folk. Lab 11: Petrographic description of limestone and dolostone. Lab 12: Evaporite rocks, types Lab 13: Petrographic description of gypsum, anhydrite and halite Lab 14: Phosphate, chert and iron stone Lab 15: Final Exam

عملية التصخر: Lithification بعد نقل المواد الرسوبية ثم ترسيبها تكون هذه المواد مفككة وغير متماسكة ولتماسك هذه الرواسب لتكوين الصخر فإنها تتعرض إلى عدة عمليات تسمى بتغيرات ما بعد الترسيب (عمليات التحور Diagenessis) ـ (Post depositional Changes   أهم هذه العمليات هي :  1ـ التراص ( بالضغط ): Compaction 2 ـ التلاصق ( اللحام ): Cementation 3- التبلور: Crystallization

1 ـ التراص ( بالضغط ): Compaction بتراكم الرسوبيات على مر الزمن يضغط وزن المواد اللاحقة على الرسوبيات السابقة وعندما تنضغط الحبيبات إلى بعضها البعض يتناقص الفراغ الذي يفصلها عن بعضها وهذا التناقص في الحجم في حالة الطفلة قد يصل إلى 40% مما يؤدي إلى شدة تماسكها. لعملية التراص أهمية واضحة في الصخور دقيقة الحبيبات مثل الحجر الطيني.

2 ـ التلاصق ( اللحام ): Cementation. تحدث عملية التلاصق في الرسوبيات ذات الحبيبات الخشنة والتي يصعب تماسكها بالضغط. وعملية اللحام عبارة عن ترسيب مواد لاحمة بواسطة المياه التي تتخلل الفراغات المتاحة بين الحبيبات ومن أهم المواد اللاحمة الكالسيت والسيليكا وأكاسيد الحديد.

3- التبلور: Crystallization تتكون في الصخور الرسوبية المتراكمة كيميائياً. تنمو البلورات في هذه الصخور بطريقة متشابكة Interlocking وتتداخل مع بعضها .

أصل الصخور الرسوبية Origin of Sedimentary Rocks إن القرارات الرسوبية Sedimentary Deposits عبارة عن جسم صلب تجمع على سطح الأرض أو بالقرب منه تحت درجة حرارة منخفضة والضغط الجوي العادي. وتوجد ثلاثة عوامل توضح الهيكل العام Framework لمعرفة أصل الصخور الرسوبية: 1) الحـــــــاضـــر هو مفتــــــاح الماضي: Uniformitarianism 2) قانون تعاقب الطبقات: Low of Superposition of Strata 3) أساس أصل الأفقية: Principle of Original Horizontality

(1) الحـــــــاضـــر هو مفتــــــاح الماضي Uniformitarianism إن الملاحظات الحالية للخطوات الترسيبية تساعد في توضيح أصل الصخور الرسوبية القديمة.

(2) قانون تعاقب الطبقات: Low of Superposition إن طبقات القطاع الرسوبي تكون الطبقات السفلى هي الأقدم تليها الأحدث فالأحدث في الأعلى ما لم تتعرض لحركات أرضية تغير من هذا النظام (مثل الصدوع والطيات)

(3) أساس أصل الأفقية: Principle of Original Horizontality إن الصخور الرسوبية عادة تترسب على هيئة طبقات في وضع أفقي أو قريبة منه. وذلك عندما تطوى أو تميل عن الأفقية يلاحظ أن التشوة بدأ يظهر عليها.