METO 637 Lesson 15. Polar meteorology In the winter months the poles are in perpetual darkness. This causes extremely cold temperatures in the stratosphere.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DISTRIBUTION Marion Marchand CNRS-UPMC-IPSL.

Advertisements

Copyright © 2010 R. R. Dickerson & Z.Q. Li 1 AOSC 620 The Ozone Hole R. Dickerson.

Ozone and the Ozone Hole Heather Raven & Stefanie Spayd.

OZONE Stratospheric Tropospheric Summary Basics Issues ©2003, Perry Samson, University of Michigan The good, the bad & the ugly.

METO 621 CHEM Lesson 2. The Stratosphere We will now consider the chemistry of the troposphere and stratosphere. There are two reasons why we can separate.

METO 637 LESSON 7. Catalytic Cycles Bates and Nicolet suggested the following set of reactions: OH + O 3 → HO 2 + O 2 HO 2 + O → OH + O 2 net reaction.

METO 621 Lesson 21. The Stratosphere We will now consider the chemistry of the troposphere and stratosphere. There are two reasons why we can separate.

METO 637 Lesson 8. Perturbations of the stratosphere Testing our knowledge of the stratosphere comes from a comparison of the measured and predicted concentrations.

Stratospheric Chemistry EPS March – 04 April 2011 Polar Stratospheric Clouds.

Polar Stratospheric Clouds -Properties and Climate Impacts Haibin Li.

METO 621 Lesson 23. The Ozone Hole Decline in mean October ozone levels over Halley Bay.

METO 621 Lesson 24. The Troposphere In the Stratosphere we had high energy photons so that oxygen atoms and ozone dominated the chemistry. In the troposphere.

The Ozone hole – Dobson Units and CFC replacements.

Bay Area Earth Science Institute (BAESI)

METO 637 Lesson 14. Photochemical chain initiation In the troposphere several species are present that absorb solar ultraviolet radiation and can initiate.

METO 621 Lesson 22. Summary of Homogeneous Chemistry.

Chemistry of Ozone in the Stratosphere. Levels of stratospheric ozone have been dropping NASA -

METO 637 Lesson 20. Planetary Atmospheres The existence of an atmosphere depends on three factors: (1) How close the planet is to the sun – basically.

METO 637 Lesson 16.

METO 637 Lesson 5. Transition State Theory Quasi-equilibrium is assumed between reactants and the ABC molecule, in order to calculate the concentration.

CHAPMAN MECHANISM FOR STRATOSPHERIC OZONE (1930) O O 3 O2O2 slow fast Odd oxygen family [O x ] = [O 3 ] + [O] R2 R3 R4 R1.

Meto 637 Lesson 11. The Ozone Hole Antarctic total ozone.

Chemical composition of aerosols Composition of tropospheric aerosols is not uniform. It varies with particle size and source of particles: Ultrafine particles.

This Week—Polar Stratospheric Chemistry READING: Chapter 10 of text SPADE Data Analysis Pt 1: Due Tuesday Nov 13.

METO 637 Lesson 23. Titan A satellite of Jupiter. Titan has a bulk composition of about half water ice and half rocky material. Although similar to the.

Ozone Hole 1985, British scientists reported a sudden large depletion in the Ozone over the south pole Simultaneous satellite measurements confirmed the.

METO 621 CHEM Lesson 3. Heterogeneous Chemistry Heterogeneous reactions play an important part in stratospheric chemistry. The interest in these reactions.

Typical mixing ratios for some compounds of environmental importance.

Tananyag fejlesztés idegen nyelven Prevention of the atmosphere KÖRNYEZETGAZDÁLKODÁSI AGRÁRMÉRNÖKI MSC (MSc IN AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES)

O 3 zone Story Terry Deshler, Atmospheric Science Formation Importance Loss –Before 1985Before 1985 –After 1985After 1985 Recovery Relationship to global.

The Ozone Layer. Importance Ozone, O 3, shields the earth’s surface from biologically harmful UV-B radiation, which damages the genetic information in.

Presentation Slides for Chapter 11, Part 2 of Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling 2 nd Edition Mark Z. Jacobson Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.

QUESTIONS Based on the major source of OH described last class where do you expect OH formation to be high? 2. The Chapman mechanism includes a fifth.

Lecture 16 Observations of climate change Feedback mechanisms Air pollution The stratospheric ozone hole Changing land surfaces Greenhouse gases and global.

QUESTIONS 1.Based on the major source of OH described last class where do you expect OH formation to be high? 2.Why don’t reactions of hydrocarbons deplete.

IV. Ozone Hole Observations Heterogeneous chemistry Decadal ozone loss.

Ozone Depletion. The Ozone “Hole” …What is it? Schematic of the North-to-South Ozone Depletion: courtesy NOAA equator.

Ozone (O3) in the Atmosphere

© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.

1 Polar Ozone: Past, Present and Future Dr. Paul A. Newman NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Polar Gateways.

7. Ozone hole 1)Structure of the ozone layer 2) Chemistry of the natural ozone layer 3)Recent changes to the ozone layer 4)Effects of Chlorine on global.

Composition of the Atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor 0-4% by volumn Variable Components of the atmosphere.

19-4 How Have We Depleted O 3 in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do? Concept 19-4A Our widespread use of certain chemicals has reduced ozone levels in.

Gas and Aerosol Partitioning Over the Equatorial Pacific Wenxian Zhang April 21, 2009.

4/20/2006Ga Tech - EAS Air Chemistry Group Presentation 1 A Hydrogen Economy’s Potential Environmental Impacts Chun Zhao Evan Cobb.

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Last time, we learned about natural ozone chemistry in the stratosphere. How do anthropogenic emissions of certain chemicals.

NO X Nitrogen Oxides. NOx N2O, NO, NO2 +1, +2, +4 Oxidation state of N Lewis dot structure Sources.

Ozone Depletion and CFCs Madeline Midgett and Anna Lovelace.

Damaging the Ozone Layer

Air pollution part 2. Ozone O 3 Occurs naturally in the stratosphere. 3O 2 + UV  2O 3 Good in stratosphere…why? Bad in troposphere…why? Atmospheric (total)

Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) Patrick Shaw SIO 209 May 15, 2009.

Department of Chemistry CHEM1020 General Chemistry *********************************************** Instructor: Dr. Hong Zhang Foster Hall, Room 221 Tel:

METO 621 CHEM Lesson 4. Total Ozone Field March 11, 1990 Nimbus 7 TOMS (Hudson et al., 2003)

Super Greenhouse and Acid Rain

AP Environmental Science Ozone Depletion(Chapter 25)

NITROGEN OXIDES Formation and Relevance. WHERE DO NITROGEN OXIDES COME FROM? The most important forms of reactive nitrogen in the air are nitrogen monoxide.

Atmospheric Chemistry of the Ozone Layer. Levels of Atmospheric Ozone have been Dropping NASA -

Biogeochemical Rx in Troposphere Trace biogenic gases (NO, NO 2, N 2 O, CH 4, SO 2 ) more Rx than major constituents (N 2, O 2, Ar) NITROGEN & SULFUR Ozone.

ATS 621 Fall 2012 Lecture 11.

Chemistry of Ozone in the Stratosphere.

Where does the Chlorine come from

The Ozone Shield 13.2.

Ozone Hole 1985, British scientists reported a sudden large depletion in the Ozone over the south pole Simultaneous satellite measurements confirmed the.

The Ozone Shield 13.2.

Changes in the Ozone Hole

Air Pollution contamination of the atmosphere

Pollution Management 5.7 Urban Air Pollution.

Presentation transcript:

METO 637 Lesson 15

Polar meteorology In the winter months the poles are in perpetual darkness. This causes extremely cold temperatures in the stratosphere (-80 o C). These cold temperatures favor the formation of ice clouds known as polar stratospheric clouds (PSC). It is significant that the years when the temperature was lowest corresponded to the years when the ozone depletion was largest. In addition a vortex forms around the pole as the cold air descends. Wind speeds of 100 meters per second or more have been observed

Ozone Hole

ClO and O 3 in mid-September

Partitioning of Chlorine

Changes in species concentration near the vortex boundary

Polar Stratospheric Clouds There are two main classes of PSC. Type 1 PSC are small (<1  m) HNO 3 rich particles. These have a mass mixing ratio of about 10 ppbm. Type II PSC are larger (from 10  m to about 1 mm) composed primarily of H 2 O-ice with minor amounts of HNO 3 as hydrates. They can constitute up to 1000 ppbm of the stratosphere. As noted before, the primary reaction that can be induced on the surface of the PSC is ClONO 2 + HCl → Cl 2 + HNO 3 The HNO 3 is then retained in the PSC.

Perturbed Chemistry Most of the chlorine in the stratosphere is bound up in two species, hydrogen chloride and chlorine nitrate: Cl + CH 4 → CH 3 + HCl ClO + NO 2 + M → ClONO 2 + M Normally homogeneous reactions only slowly convert these reservoir species back to chlorine. However these two species can react on the surfaces of PSC’s: ClONO 2 + HCl → Cl 2 + HNO 3 The molecular chlorine is released as a gas, and the nitric acid is retained within the PSC (as nitrates – NAT). The chlorine molecule can then be dissociated easily by visible radiation.

Chapman Layers

Biogenic volatile organic compounds Troposphere contains a amazing mixture of VOC’s. Biogenic (naural) and anthropogenic (man-made) Natural VOC’s are often hydrocarbons, but also contain partially oxidized VOC’s such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and acids. Methane is by far the most abundant, but the sum of the others are larger Non-methane hydrocarbons.Are much more reactive than methane. Play significant role in tropospheric chemistry

Schematic of biogenic emissions