Cannabis sativa and C. indica

Cannabis sativa x indica hybrid

High tech Cannabis growing in the Netherlands

Effects of Indigenous People on the Natural World Yanomami farm clearing Amazonia

North America – extinction of the Pleistocene Megafauna 12,000 years ago, the central grasslands of North America harbored an extremely diverse group of large mammals - antelopes, horses, cheetahs, giant ground sloths, mammoths, mastodons Within 1,000 years 33 genera of large mammals had gone extinct in North America This is compared with 20 genera of large mammals going extinct in North America in the previous 3 million years

Woolly Mammoth

Giant Elk and Mammoth

Giant Ground Sloth – 4 m tall

Dire wolf – Canis dirus

Extinction in Madagascar People arrived in Madagascar 1500 to 2000 years ago and wiped out two giant tortoise species, a bear-sized giant lemur, a small species of hippotamus, several other mammals, and several species of large flightless elephant birds

Elephant Bird

Extinctions in New Zealand Maori’s arrived in New Zealand about 1,000 years ago - hunting together with changes in the landscape due to human use of fire, lead to the extinction of 11 species of moas (large flightless birds ranging in size from turkey to much larger than an ostrich) by 1700; also driven extinct were 5 species of rail and 6 species of waterfowl

Small Moa

Giant Moa Skeleton – with Kiwi and Ostrich

Extinctions in the Hawaiian Islands 44 species of endemic land birds out of 82 went extinct between the arrival of the Polynesians and the Europeans Habitat change was probably important, but so was hunting of flightless geese, ibises and rails

Nene – Hawaiian flightless goose

Extinctions Following European Arrival in North America The passenger pigeon, heath hen, Carolina parakeet, Labrador duck, and Great Auk were hunted to extinction; bison, beaver, turkey, and white-tailed deer were greatly reduced in population; whales were pursued around the world by New England whalers and many were almost reduced to extinction

Carolina Parakeet

Labrador Duck

Great Auk

Loss of Prairie and Forests in Midwest

Slash and burn or Swidden Agriculture

Slash and burn – early in clearing stage – aerial view

Slash and burn – burning cleared site

Cultivation of slash and burn site – mainly manioc growing

Manioc or Cassava – Manihot esculenta

Fallow period of end of cultivation – Slash and Burn

Swidden Agriculture in Germany and Finland

Ethnobotany and Conservation Rattan harvest Southeast Asia

Reserves and the Padaung People

Extractive Reserves – First Established in Brazil

Rubber Tappers and Chico Mendes

Establishment of Extractive Reserves in Peru and Ecuador

Use of Plants for Food Medicine in Amazonia The Chacabo use 78.7% of the tree species The Ka’apor in Brazil use 76.8% of the tree species The Tembe in Brazil use 61.3% of the tree species The Panare in Venezuela use 48.6% of the tree species

Use of Plants for Food Medicine in Amazonia The Chacabo were first contacted by the Summer Institute of Linguistics in The Ka’apor were “pacified” in The Tembe were “pacified” in the 1850’s. The Panare have been in contact with non- Indians since the Spanish explored the middle Orinoco region in the 1600’s.

Families of Special Conservation Concern Palm family Areaceae (food, fiber, shelter) Brazil nut family Lecythidaceae (food) Chrysobalanaceae (related to roses - food, medicine), The hallucinogenic caapi vine family Malpighiaceae (medicines)

Economic Valuation Alwyn Gentry and Colleagues

Calculations $6330 – value of fruit and latex harvested per hectare per year in Peru $490 – sustainable harvest of timber – so total value of $6820 per year $3184 – tree farming in Brazil per hectare per year $2690 – price per hectare of cattle ranching land in Brazil $148 per year profit from cattle ranching per hectare in Brazil $564 worth of medicine per hectare from 30 year old forest in Belize $3054 worth of medicine per hectare from 50 year old forest in Belize