1 Nature of Matter All of the materials around you are made up of matter. You are made up of matter, as are the chair you sit on and the air you breathe. 1. Give an example of solid matter. 2. Give an example of liquid matter. 3. Give an example of gaseous matter. 4. Is all matter visible? 5. Does all matter take up space?

2 BIOCHEMISTRY The chemical basis of life

3 ATOMS Basic unit of matter Basic unit of matter Two regions Two regions Nucleus Nucleus Electron cloud Electron cloud Atomic particles Atomic particles Protons  Protons  Positively charged particlesPositively charged particles Located in the nucleusLocated in the nucleus Neutrons  Neutrons  Neutral particlesNeutral particles Located in the nucleus & act as the glue thereLocated in the nucleus & act as the glue there Electrons  Electrons  Negatively charged particlesNegatively charged particles Located in the electron cloudLocated in the electron cloud These are the particles involved in chemical reactionsThese are the particles involved in chemical reactions C 6 Carbon Atomic Number

4 Elements Contain all of the same type of atom within the element Contain all of the same type of atom within the element Elements of Life Elements of Life 96%  Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N)96%  Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) 3%  P, S, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Cl3%  P, S, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Cl 1%  other trace elements1%  other trace elements

5 Isotopes Elements that contain a different number of neutrons Elements that contain a different number of neutrons Radioactive isotopes will breakdown at a specific rate and are used in figuring the age of different things (i.e. fossils & rocks) Radioactive isotopes will breakdown at a specific rate and are used in figuring the age of different things (i.e. fossils & rocks) Nonradioactive carbon-12Nonradioactive carbon-13Radioactive carbon-14 6 protons 6 electrons 6 neutrons 6 protons 6 electrons 8 neutrons 6 protons 6 electrons 7 neutrons All of these are carbon because they have 6 protons. They are just different forms of carbon.

6 Ions Charged atoms that are formed when electrons are gained or lost. Sodium atom (Na)Chlorine atom (Cl)Sodium ion (Na + )Chloride ion (Cl - ) Transfer of electron Protons +11 Electrons -11 Charge 0 Protons +17 Electrons -17 Charge 0 Protons +11 Electrons -10 Charge +1 Protons +17 Electrons -18 Charge -1

7 Compounds Elements combine chemically to form compounds. Elements combine chemically to form compounds. Compounds are held together by chemical bonds which are based upon the individual elements desire for 8 outer electrons. Compounds are held together by chemical bonds which are based upon the individual elements desire for 8 outer electrons. In compounds, all atoms are stable having 8 valence electrons. In compounds, all atoms are stable having 8 valence electrons.

8 Chemical Bonds There are three types: There are three types: Ionic Bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Covalent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen Bonds

9 Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds: Ionic Bonds: Elements become compounds by giving and taking electrons to have 8 outer electrons. Elements become compounds by giving and taking electrons to have 8 outer electrons. This leaves them with a charge. This leaves them with a charge. Opposite charges attract…and a bond is formed holding a positive ion to a negative ion. Opposite charges attract…and a bond is formed holding a positive ion to a negative ion. Occurs inside compounds Occurs inside compounds

10 Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds: Covalent Bonds: Elements become compounds by sharing electrons between two atoms. Elements become compounds by sharing electrons between two atoms. This sharing leaves them bound together as a compound. This sharing leaves them bound together as a compound. Occurs inside compounds Occurs inside compounds

11 Chemical Bonds Hydrogen Bonds: Hydrogen Bonds: Bonds that hold hydrogen-containing molecules together. Bonds that hold hydrogen-containing molecules together. This is why water forms beads. This is why water forms beads. Occurs between molecules…outside of compounds Occurs between molecules…outside of compounds

12 Note Cards Atom Atom Two regions of atom Two regions of atom Protons Protons Neutrons Neutrons Electrons Electrons Isotope Isotope Ion Ion Compound Compound 3 types of chemical bonds 3 types of chemical bonds Ionic bond Ionic bond Covalent bond Covalent bond Hydrogen bond Hydrogen bond

13 Water (H 2 O) Most abundant compound in organisms Most abundant compound in organisms Water is polar Water is polar Unequally shares electrons between hydrogen & oxygen atoms Unequally shares electrons between hydrogen & oxygen atoms Makes it possible for other compounds to dissolve in water Makes it possible for other compounds to dissolve in water Water has hydrogen bonds Water has hydrogen bonds Adhesion – H 2 O sticking to other substances Adhesion – H 2 O sticking to other substances Cohesion – H 2 O molecules sticking to other H 2 O molecules Cohesion – H 2 O molecules sticking to other H 2 O molecules

14 pH scale & buffers The pH of substances ranges from 0-14 The pH of substances ranges from = acid = acid 7 = neutral 7 = neutral = base = base Buffers Buffers Prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH so that the body can maintain homeostasis Prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH so that the body can maintain homeostasis pH of most fluids in the body = pH of most fluids in the body = Acid Acid Forms H + ions in solutions Base Base Forms hydroxide ions (OH - ) in solutions Acidic solutions have higher concentrations of H + ions than water Acidic solutions have higher concentrations of H + ions than water Basic solutions have lower concentrations of H + ions than water Basic solutions have lower concentrations of H + ions than water

15 Organic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated into two groups: All compounds can be separated into two groups: Inorganic Inorganic Doesn’t contain carbonDoesn’t contain carbon Non-livingNon-living Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, waterExamples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, water Organic Organic Contains carbonContains carbon Living (or dead)Living (or dead) Examples: wood, grass, diamonds, petroleumExamples: wood, grass, diamonds, petroleum

16 Polymerization Monomers Monomers One unit of a compound One unit of a compound Polymers Polymers Many monomers combine to make a polymer Many monomers combine to make a polymer Macromolecules Macromolecules Many large molecules combined Many large molecules combined

17 Macromolecules There are four macromolecules: There are four macromolecules: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins

18 Carbohydrates Made of C, H, & O Made of C, H, & O Functions Functions Main energy source in organisms Main energy source in organisms Structural component in plants Structural component in plants Types Types Sugars Sugars gives off energy when broken downgives off energy when broken down Cellulose  twisted chain of sugars, not digestible by humansCellulose  twisted chain of sugars, not digestible by humans Chitin  hard cellulose found in the exoskeletons of invertebratesChitin  hard cellulose found in the exoskeletons of invertebrates Ex. Sucrose, fructose, glucoseEx. Sucrose, fructose, glucose Starches Starches used as a storage molecule for sugarsused as a storage molecule for sugars Many athletes eat these before eventsMany athletes eat these before events Ex. Bread, rice, pasta, cornEx. Bread, rice, pasta, corn

19 Lipids Made of C, H, O Made of C, H, O in the form of glycerol and fatty acid chains in the form of glycerol and fatty acid chains Commonly called fats, oils, & waxes Commonly called fats, oils, & waxes Functions Functions Storage of energy Storage of energy Parts of biological membranes Parts of biological membranes Water proof coverings Water proof coverings Chemical messengers (steroids) Chemical messengers (steroids) Insoluble in water Insoluble in water Ex. Lard, butter, oil, hormones, steroids Ex. Lard, butter, oil, hormones, steroids

20 Nucleic acids Made of C, H, O, N, & P Made of C, H, O, N, & P Monomers are called nucleotides Monomers are called nucleotides Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base Nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base Functions Functions Store hereditary information Store hereditary information Transmit hereditary information Transmit hereditary information Two types Two types RNA (ribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

21 Proteins Made of C, H, O, & N Made of C, H, O, & N Monomers are amino acids Monomers are amino acids There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to make millions of proteins There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to make millions of proteins The most diverse macromolecules The most diverse macromolecules Functions Functions Control the rates of chemical reactions (enzymes) Control the rates of chemical reactions (enzymes) Regulate cell processes Regulate cell processes Used to form bone & muscles Used to form bone & muscles Transport substances into or out of cells Transport substances into or out of cells Help fight disease Help fight disease

22 Enzymes Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Reactants Products Special PROTEINS Special PROTEINS Act as biological catalysts Act as biological catalysts Catalyst Catalyst Substance whose job is to speed up the rate of a chemical reactionSubstance whose job is to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction Act by lowering the activation energy of the reaction Act by lowering the activation energy of the reaction Are very specific with respect to the reactions that they will catalyze… Are very specific with respect to the reactions that they will catalyze… They will only catalyze one specific substance because they actually bind with that substance in a unique way They will only catalyze one specific substance because they actually bind with that substance in a unique way

23 Summary of the Four Major Macromolecules CarbonCompounds include that consist of which contain that consist of which contain CarbohydratesLipids Nucleic acids Proteins Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon,hydrogen,oxygenCarbon,hydrogen,oxygenCarbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen, Basic Structure: C 1 H 2 O 1 Act as enzymes

24 Solutions and Suspensions Mixture Mixture A material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined A material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined Ex: Salt and pepper mixtureEx: Salt and pepper mixture Two types of mixtures that can be made with water Two types of mixtures that can be made with water Solutions Solutions Suspensions Suspensions

25 Solutions and Suspensions Solution Solution A solution is a mixture in which all of the components are evenly distributed throughout the solution A solution is a mixture in which all of the components are evenly distributed throughout the solution SoluteSolute The substance that is dissolvedThe substance that is dissolved SolventSolvent The substance in which the solute dissolvesThe substance in which the solute dissolves Suspension Suspension A suspension is a mixture in which some materials do not dissolve when placed in water but separate into pieces A suspension is a mixture in which some materials do not dissolve when placed in water but separate into pieces

26 Notecards Adhesion Adhesion Cohesion Cohesion pH Scale pH Scale Acids Acids Bases Bases Buffers Buffers Inorganic Inorganic Organic Organic Monomer Monomer Polymer Polymer Macromolecule Macromolecule 4 Macromolecules 4 Macromolecules Carbohydrates (Ex. & functions) Carbohydrates (Ex. & functions) Sugar Sugar Cellulose Cellulose Chitin Chitin Starches Starches Lipids (Ex. & Functions) Lipids (Ex. & Functions) Nucleic Acids (Ex. & Functions) Nucleic Acids (Ex. & Functions) Nucleotides Nucleotides Proteins (Ex. & Functions) Proteins (Ex. & Functions) Amino Acids Amino Acids Enzyme Enzyme Catalyst Catalyst Mixture Mixture Solution Solution Solute Solute Solvent Solvent Suspension Suspension