Biology 107 Macromolecules I September 5, 2003.

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Presentation transcript:

Biology 107 Macromolecules I September 5, 2003

Macromolecules I Student Objectives:As a result of this lecture and the assigned reading, you should understand the following: 1.The four major types of organic macromolecules are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. 2.Carbohydrates generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH 2 O, and carbohydrates range from single small sugar molecules (monosaccharides) to long polymers of sugar monomers (polysaccharides). a.Structure - Monosaccharides have two or more -OH groups and either an aldehyde or a ketone group. Polysaccharides may be straight or branched molecules of hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers. Some sugars are highly negatively charged because they are commonly sulfated (SO 3- ) or because they contain a carboxyl group (COO - ).

Macromolecules I b.Functions - energy source, recognition or signaling, and/or structural. 3.Lipids consist mainly of C and H atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds; consequently, lipids are not attracted to polar water molecules, and lipids are hydrophobic. a.Structure – Fats and oils are large lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids. Triglyceride fats consist of three (3) fatty acid chains hooked to a glycerol molecule. For saturated fats, every C atom of the carbon skeleton (except the carboxyl carbon) carries 2 H atoms (the maximum number of hydrogens). In contrast, unsaturated fats contain double bonds and less than the maximum number of hydrogens possible.

Macromolecules I Phospholipids, the major components of cellular membranes, are structurally similar to fats except they contain a phosphate group and only 2 fatty acid chains attached to the glycerol. Steroids are lipids with the carbon chain bent to form fused rings. Cholesterol is a common substance in animal cell membranes. Animal cells also use cholesterol as a precursor for making other steroids, including male and female sex hormones. b. Functions - energy storage, membrane structure, hormone signaling, and/or insulation.

Four Main Types of Macromolecules

Common Carbohydrates Classified by Number of Carbons

Examples of Hexose Isomers

Examples of Linear Compared to Ring Forms of Carbohydrate

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides Examples:StarchCellulose

Lipids - Fats

Triglyceride Fats

Saturated Fatty Acid Chains

Unsaturated Fatty Acid Chains

Phospholipids

Phospholipids in Water

Structure of Phospholipids and Steroids

Examples of Lipids Other Than Phospholipids or Steroids