Structure of the Atom Edward A. Mottel Department of Chemistry Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology.

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Presentation transcript:

Structure of the Atom Edward A. Mottel Department of Chemistry Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

6/11/2015 Heated cathodes emitted cathode "rays" + - Deflected by either magnetic or electric fields Cathode Ray Tube J.J. Thomson, 1897 Turn the field on & off by clicking on the + & -

6/11/2015 The "beam" carried a negative charge. + - J. J. THOMSON (1897) British Physicist The ratio of charge to mass (e/m) was independent of the cathode material. Why does this indicate that cathode rays (electrons) are an integral part of each element? How did he know that?

6/11/2015 Blackbody Radiation According to classical theory, the intensity of black body radiation should be related to wavelength K 1800 K 2000 K Wavelength (nm) Intensity  In fact, the intensity peaked and then dropped off.

6/11/2015 Blackbody Radiation 1300 K 1800 K 2000 K Wavelength (nm) Intensity  This failure of theory in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, was called the "Ultraviolet Catastrophe”. It implied that the energies in an atom are limited or quantized. Based on this, Max Planck (1901, German Physicist) developed a quantum theory that electrons in an atom can have only specific energies.

6/11/2015 Photoelectric Effect + - Albert Einstein (1905) German Physicist Interpreted the Photoelectric Effect Confirmed that light is corpuscular (possess particle-like properties) BlueRed Light Source

6/11/2015 Oil Drop Experiment + - Robert Millikin (1909) American Physicist Determined the absolute charge of an electron (4.8 x 10 –10 esu)

6/11/2015 Gold Foil Experiment (  cm thick) Kotz & Purcell (1987) Rutherford, 1911

6/11/2015 Ernest Rutherford (1911) British Chemist Most of the alpha particles (a, 4 He 2+ ) passed straight through, but a few were deflected or reflected straight backwards. Since alpha particles were known to have a positive charge, this indicated that the nucleus of an atom contained most of the mass, and that it was positive in charge Diagram source unknown

6/11/2015 Niels Bohr (1913) (Danish Physicist)  Postulated that electrons spin around the nucleus in an orbit. The energy differences between these orbits can be used to explain the various colors of light emitted and absorbed by gaseous elements.

6/11/2015 Henry Moseley (1914) (British Physicist)  Developed a periodic table based on increasing atomic number. Each element has an unique "spectra" (wavelengths or colors of light) that they emit when heated to glowing.

6/11/2015 Emission Spectra The spectra contains many colors (wavelengths) which are not uniformly spaced. K band L band M band  Energy 

6/11/2015 Development of the Periodic Table ElementMass Atomic Number KK Inverse Sqrt(K  ) Li Be B C N O (Å)(Å)

6/11/2015 K  Radiation of Light Weight Elements R 2 = Mass (amu) 1/sqrt(K  )

6/11/2015 Integer Relationship of K  Radiation R 2 = Integers 1/sqrt(K  ) Atomic Number

6/11/2015 Erwin Schrodinger (1926) (Austrian Physicist)  Developed the modern view of the atom, treating electrons as mathematical functions. sine and cosine wave functions. Louis de Broglie (1926) (French Physicist)  Proposed that matter has both wave and particle properties.

6/11/2015 James Chadwick (1932) (British Physicist)  Determined the existence of the uncharged neutron. Neutrons reside along with protons in the nucleus and explain the fact that elements have isotopes.

6/11/2015 Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Fluorine atom F 19 9 charge (protons & electrons) mass number protons & neutrons atomic number (protons) How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in a fluorine atom?

6/11/2015 Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Chloride ion Cl – charge (protons & electrons) mass number protons & neutrons atomic number (protons) How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in a chloride ion?

6/11/2015 Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Aluminum ion Al How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in an aluminum ion?

6/11/2015 Using the Periodic Table  Monatomic ions (ions containing only one atom) often have a charge that can be derived directly from the periodic table.

6/11/ ions H LiBe Mg Na K Ca Rb Sr CsBa Ti Cr Mn Fe Co NiCuZn Pd Pt Ag Au Cd Hg Tl Sn Pb Bi Sb As I Br Cl O F S Al

6/11/ ions Au Ag H LiBe Mg Na K Ca Rb Sr CsBa Ti Cr Mn Fe Co NiCuZn Pd Pt Cd Hg Tl Sn Pb Bi Sb As I Br Cl O F S Al

6/11/ ions H LiBe Mg Na K Ca Rb Sr CsBa Ti Cr Mn Fe Co NiCuZn Pd Pt Ag Au Cd Hg Tl Sn Pb Bi Sb As I Br Cl O F S Al

6/11/ ions H LiBe Mg Na K Ca Rb Sr CsBa Ti Cr Mn Fe Co NiCuZn Pd Pt Ag Au Cd Hg Tl Sn Pb Bi Sb As I Br Cl O F S Al

6/11/2015

Coordination Compound Nomenclature Edward A. Mottel Department of Chemistry Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

6/11/2015 Coordination Compounds  Metal ion the central atom  Ligand atom, ion or molecule bound to the metal The nomenclature of a salt and a coordination compound are different.

6/11/2015 Salt Nomenclature FeCl 3 Fe 3+ ion iron(III) chloride Salt (ionic) nomenclature only indicates the stoichiometry of the compound. requires 3 Cl –

6/11/2015 Coordination Compound Nomenclature Fe Cl 3- hexachloroferrate(III) ion Coordination compound nomenclature communicates the environment of the central ion. the iron ion is coordinated to six chloride ligands

6/11/2015 Coordination Compound Nomenclature Fe 3+ O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H Coordination compound nomenclature communicates the environment of the central ion. hexaaquairon(III) ion the iron ion is coordinated to six water ligands

6/11/2015 Nomenclature of Inorganic Coordination Compounds  Cation/anion sequence  Ligand names  Cationic/anionic complexes  Alphabetical sequencing  Brackets

6/11/2015 [Cu(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 ] [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ] 2+ [CuCl 4 ] 2– Name each of the following diamminedichlorocopper(II) tetramminecopper(II) ion tetrachlorocuprate(II) ion

6/11/2015 Nomenclature of Inorganic Coordination Compounds  What is the meaning of Roman numerals in parenthesis?  When is copper used and when is cuprate used?  Meaning of the words aqua, ammine, cyano, chloro, bromo, iodo?  Application of the prefixes di, tri, tetra, …  Order in which the words are used?

6/11/2015

Heated cathodes emitted cathode "rays" + - Deflected by either magnetic or electric fields Cathode Ray Tube J.J. Thomson, 1897

6/11/2015 Photoelectric Effect + - Albert Einstein (1905) German Physicist Interpreted the Photoelectric Effect Confirmed that light is corpuscular (possess particle-like properties)

6/11/2015 Photoelectric Effect + - Albert Einstein (1905) German Physicist Interpreted the Photoelectric Effect Confirmed that light is corpuscular (possess particle-like properties)