The Effects of Temporal Variation in Upper Ocean Processes on Benthic Boundary Layer Biology and Material Flux Paul Snelgrove Anna Metaxas Claudio DiBacco Don Deibel Alex Hay Brian Bornhold Paul Hill Benthos Larvae Hyperbenthos Bioturbation Microbial processes Boundary layer flow Sediment /material flux Verena Tunnicliffe Kim Juniper Grant Ferris Phil Archambault Gaston Desrosiers Doug Schillinger

How does material flux (quality and quantity) through canyon systems relate to boundary layer flow on daily, seasonal, and event-driven (e.g. slumping) time scales? How does flux of organic material (quality, quantity mean and variance) through canyon systems influence faunal response (community structure, spawning, bioturbation) of benthos, hyperbenthos, larvae, and microbes on daily to event-driven (e.g. slumping) and extended (e.g. regime shift) time scales? How does upper water column variability influence deep-sea systems on multiple time scales? The Big Questions Craig Smith – Equatorial Pacific Abyssal Plain

Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere BIOSPHERE Response Variables Biodiversity Biogeochemistry Functional Ecology Predictive Variables (multiple temporal & spatial scales) Hyperbenthos Epibenthos Infauna Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere BIOSPHERE Response Variables Biodiversity Biogeochemistry Functional Ecology Predictive Variables Climatic & Oceanographic Variability (multiple temporal & spatial scales) Hyperbenthos Epibenthos Infauna Water Column Group Benthic Group

Sample Questions 1.How do the HBZ, larvae, benthos and material flux respond to seasonal and spin-off eddy driven variability in Barkley Canyon, and do episodic changes in the physical regime strongly influence material flux and biological response? 2.*Do these topographic features support a specialized HBZ and benthic fauna, enhanced biomass, larger individuals, differences in feeding mode and activity, and a source of organisms (e.g. larvae) for adjacent environments? 3.*Are HBZ and benthic faunal responses to flux events in shallower areas more rapid than in deeper areas, and are there any structural differences in the response (e.g. types of species, diversity etc.) and time lags? *Note that low level of instrumentation will make this question primarily surface ship sampling based for biological responses.

Boundary layer measurements Megafauna, bioturbation, seabed features RDI ADCP (600 kHz) Nortek HR Aquadopp (2 MHz) Kongsberg Rotary SONAR (675 kHz fanbeam) PanTilt Video Plankton Pump Zooplankton abundance Sediment trap Larval, zooplankton & particle flux Barkley Shelf

+RDI ADCP (150 kHz) +Nortek HR Aquadopp (2 MHz) +Kongsberg Rotary SONAR (675 kHz fanbeam) +Pod 3 West *Pod 4 East +PanTilt Video *Delta T Multibeam SONAR *Hi-Res Camera system *CTD **Fluorometer Boundary layer measurements +Sediment Trap +Plankton Pump *Microbial package Barkley Canyon Larval, zooplankton & particle flux Megafauna, bioturbation, seabed features,colonization Hydrographic properties & particulate characterization Microbial metabolism

Barkley Axis Slumping, turbidity currents Megafauna, bioturbation, seabed features Kongsberg Rotary SONAR (675 kHz fanbeam) Nortek HR Aquadopp (2 MHz) Hydrophone PanTilt Video Boundary layer measurements Seabed features, bioturbation

Sampling Scheme Continuous sampling Scheduled by DMAS Scheduled by instrument ADCP, Aquadopp CTD/Fluorometer/Eh Hydrophone 675 kHz Rotary SONAR Delta T SONAR Low light video Digital Still Sediment trap Plankton Pump

Event Detection: Triggers ADCP, Aquadopp CTD/Fluorometer/Eh Hydrophone Change in mean current Change in hydrological properties High than normal backscatter Higher than normal fl Slumping detected via hydrophone

Event Detection: Outcomes 675 kHz Rotary SONAR Delta T SONAR Low light video Digital Still Sediment trap Plankton Pump Change duty cycle Increase sampling duration Unlikely to change parameters (e.g. range, resolution) Trigger start of new sample Wait for end of “event” and start new sample

Event Detection: External Triggers Currents from Water Column Meteorological data (inferred) Distant Hydrophones Tsunami i.e. need access to other water column & BPR array data Storm Internal waves Tsunami Slumping

Data currents bs amp. Ancillary Temperature Salinity Density SSL SONAR images Video Digital Stills Eh Image analysis Bedform analysis PUV Plankton samples Sediment samples Lab analysis (cruise dependent +6 months) DMAS processing (immediate) Time series Profile contours Rectified images TS Plots Scientific post processing (1 year +, requires post-doc) Movies Bedform data Sediment/scatter concentration Analysis of discrete samples (size distribution, content etc.)

Maintenance & Calibration Require removal of entire pod, including JB every 6-12 months for inspection: Bulkhead connectors for delamination Pressure case for pitting and corrosion Cables and in line connectors for wear Bio fouling Require recovery of samples every 6-12 months Need frame alignment on deployment and recovery May place objects at known distance, use calibration sheet for cameras

Maintenance & Calibration Calibration using ROPOS CTD 675 kHz Rotary SONAR Delta T SONAR Low light video Digital Still Sediment trap Plankton Pump Samples Recovered Possible return to SBE for calibration Replace expired sensor Eh

Preliminary publications Methodological papers on event detection Summary of mean/initial conditions Ways to foster collaboration and future initiatives Get data flowing Supply travel expenses to groups to showcase data, budget for staff to manage/process data? Post-docs, students to handle the data