MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY EXPANSION ( ) (MID-VICTORIAN EXPANSION)

Colonial Possessions

Queen Victoria ( ) (r )

Main developments Liberalism –Repeal of Corn Laws (1845), Navigation Laws.(1846) –End Monopolies (Levant Co. 1823, East India Co., 1838) –Repeal remaining duties (1860) Gold Discoveries –In the world: : 20,300 kg : 191,900 Railroads Until 1850: 23,000 miles : 100,000 new miles

Spread of Railways in Ten Selected Countries (Length of line open [in kilometers [1km = 5/8 mile]) Austria- Hungary 1444,54318,50736,330 Belgium3341,7304,1124,591 France4969,16723,08938,109 Germany46911,08933,83851,678 Great Britain 2,39014,60325,06030,079 Italy202,4049,29016,429 Netherlands173351,8462,776 Russia271,62622,86553,234 Spain-1,9177,49013,214 Sweden-5275,87611,303

Suez Canal, 1869

Gatling machine Gun 1861

Charles Darwin, Karl Marx,

World integration (mid-19 th c) World Trade – grew by 30 percent – grew by 500 percent International Migration – million Europeans to the US – million Europeans to the US International Investment (British credits abroad) –By early 1840s £160 million –By early 1870s over £ 1 billion

Phileas Fogg’s route in Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne (1872) London-Brindisi-Suez: 7 days Suez-Bombay: 13 days Bombay-Calcutta: 3 days Calcutta-Hong Kong-Yokohama-San Francisco: 41 days San Francisco- New York: 7 days New York-Liverpool-London: 9 days