More phenomena difficult to observe A MacKinnon. More phenomena difficult to observe synchrotron radiation of positrons: sub-mm observations? inner bremsstrahlung.

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Presentation transcript:

More phenomena difficult to observe A MacKinnon

More phenomena difficult to observe synchrotron radiation of positrons: sub-mm observations? inner bremsstrahlung of secondary neutrons

Positron energy distribution from  + decay really, this is what is injected into the source by colliding p’s,  ’s  =2, T max = 3 GeV/nucl

Effective distribution in thick target source dE/dt : collisions (logarithmic energy dependence – constant!) synchrotron (  2 ) bremsstrahlung (  - above 100 MeV)

Cumulative e + distribution – ‘mean distribution’ in source divide these by dE/dt

Synchrotron spectrum – monoenergetic e c = 4.3×10 6 B  2 sin 

Synchrotron spectrum

Rough estimate protons above 300 MeV × e + per proton  4× erg.s -1.Hz -1 × s lifetime spread out over e.g. 100 s and divided by 4  AU 2 ~ erg.cm -2.s -1.Hz -1 = W.m -2.Hz -1 = s.f.u. TOO SMALL

Inner Bremsstrahlung spectrum Knipp and Uhlenbeck (1936); Bloch (1936); Petrosian and Ramaty (1972)

Angular distribution of IBXR’s r = solar distance z = distance from Earth distances in AU

Briefly: X-ray flux integrates over all neutron energies present along the line of sight looking further from the Sun samples more energetic neutrons because lower energy ones decay Approximately, the distribution of X-ray flux with angle is the Laplace transform of the neutron energy distribution at the Sun invert integral equation to deduce neutron energy distribution F(E)

Example

Sun’s X-ray halo

Seckel et al. (1992) modelled turbulent transport of cosmic rays in inner heliosphere + interaction with small-scale magnetic fields near solar surface (lots of assumptions!) predicted 2.3×10 -8 neutrons.cm -2.s -1 above 100 MeV at 1 AU assume F(E)  (E+10) -  at the Sun and normalise to this prediction  IB flux at <1% of cosmic XRB in 2 – 10 keV range

After flares? look near large, limb flares……..