Source: Tufte E. (2001) The Visual Display of Quantitiative Information. 2 nd Ed. Cheshire: Graphics Press Originally published in American Education, 1970’s

Stripped of its non-data ink… Number of data items = 5

Number of data items = 1 An extreme example

On the other hand, Source: 21 Nov 2002http:// Charles Joseph Minard ( ) Napoleon’s March into Russia in 1812

Number of data items = 341 n = 422,000 Died: 412,000 Survived: 10,000 Mortality = 97.6% The data from Minard’s “Figurative Chart”