Введение в эволюционную и медицинскую геномику, часть II ФББ МГУ, весна 2008 Лекция 3.

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Введение в эволюционную и медицинскую геномику, часть II ФББ МГУ, весна 2008 Лекция 3

Журнальный клуб 18 марта: 1. Jimenez-Sanchez G, Childs B, Valle D. Human disease genes. Nature Feb 15;409(6822):853-5.Jimenez-Sanchez G, Childs B, Valle D. 2. Steward RE, MacArthur MW, Laskowski RA, Thornton JM. Molecular basis of inherited diseases: a structural perspective. Trends Genet Sep;19(9): Review. Steward RE, MacArthur MW, Laskowski RA, Thornton JM. 3. Di Rienzo A. Population genetics models of common diseases. Curr Opin Genet Dev Dec;16(6):630-6.Di Rienzo A. 4. Kryukov GV, Pennacchio LA, Sunyaev SR. Most rare missense alleles are deleterious in humans: implications for complex disease and association studies. Am J Hum Genet Apr;80(4): Kryukov GV, Pennacchio LA, Sunyaev SR. 5. Levy S, et al. The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. PLoS Biol Sep 4;5(10):e254.Levy S, et al.

Figure How to identify a human disease gene. There is no single pathway to success, but the key step is to arrive at a plausible candidate gene, which can then be tested for mutations in affected people. “Human Molecular Genetics 2”, Strachan and Read © BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd, 1999

Стратегии поиска генов заболеваний Functional/Candidate Gene Cloning: “Either a known protein that is responsible for an inherited disorder or a protein that is considered a likely candidate based on the symptoms and biochemistry of the disease” (Protein -> Gene seq -> Location, PCR, mutations, etc.) Positional-Candidate Gene Cloning: “The disease gene is mapped to a chromosome location with polymorphic markers. Once the chromosome location is narrowed down, the human genome database is consulted for the genes within this region. From this list of genes, a likely candidate(s) is selected and a mutation detection assay is run with PCR probes based on the gene sequence derived from the database” J. Pasternak. An Introduction To Human Molecular Genetics - Mechanisms Of Inherited Diseases (Wiley, 2005)

Сложные заболевания: примеры Аутизм Астма Диабет Ожирение Алкоголизм Гипертония Шизофрения

Особенности сложных заболеваний 1.Неполная пенетрантность (Не всякая генетическая предрасположенность проявляется как болезнь) 2.Различный возраст развития заболевания 3.Действие факторов окружающей среды (Образ жизни, диета) 4.Полигенное наследование, в т.ч. эпистатические взаимодействия Легкий обман: пп характерны также для моногенных заболеваний, так что остается Сухой остаток : С.з. имеют наследственную компоненту, но наследуются более сложно, чем «по Менделю» // Где тут легкий обман?

Evolution revisited: упрощенный взгляд на болезнетворные аллели Моногенные заболевания -Сильный эффект аллелей -Мутационно-отборное равновесие Сложные заболевания -Слабый эффект аллелей => слабый отбор -Давление отбора в некоторых случаях изменялось в ходе эволюции образа жизни и среды обитания

“Common disease / common variant” CD/CV Hypothesis : Частые аллели (>1%) составляют значительную долю среди аллелей предрасположенности, и для их поиска применимы ассоциативные исследования, например, с помощью HapMap* : * Громкий проект 2002 г.

“Common disease / rare variant” CD/RV Hypothesis : Редкие аллели (<1%) составляют основную долю среди аллелей предрасположенности, и нужно ресеквенирование * * Громкий проект 2008 г.

Botstein & Risch Nat Genet (2003) 33:228 Подтверждения гипотезы CD/CV ?

Age-related macular degeneration Характерные образования в центральной части (macula) сетчатки, вызывающие нарушения зрения Macular degeneration gene: The genes for the complement system proteins factor H (CFH) and factor B (CFB) have been determined to be strongly associated with a person's risk for developing macular degeneration. The mutation in CFH( Tyr402His ) reduces the affinity of CFH for CRP and probably also alters the ability of factor H to recognise specific glycosaminoglycans.complement systemfactor H Recurrence ratios for siblings of an affected individual are three- to sixfold higher than in the general population, but Family-based analysis has resulted in only modestly significant evidence for linkage.

Age-related macular degeneration J.Maller et al., Nat Genet (2006) 38 (9):1055-9: Генотипирование 1,536 tagSNPs у 1,238 пациентов и 934 контролей Риск: 7.6/2.7 Риск: ~15

Age-related macular degeneration J.Maller et al., Nat Genet (2006) 38 (9):1055-9: Полиморфизм в локусе, содержащем гены системы комплемента C2 и CFB, также ассоциируется с AMD: BF:R32Q + rs (C2:intron10) BF:L9H + C2:E318D Эти два редких протективных варианта принадлежат разным гаплотипам

Age-related macular degeneration

(i) there can exist common alleles of substantial effect on common disease (in AMD, these explain at least half of all risk to siblings); (ii) these can be found outside of ‘candidate genes’ and outside of coding regions ; (iii) for such alleles, association offers much greater power and reproducibility than linkage (association results much stronger than similarly sized linkage studies); (iv) even for late-onset diseases with partial heritability, common genotypes can strongly influence individual risk ; (v) there need not be epistasis among, or phenotypic sub- stratification by, genes of substantial population effect. Выводы: J.Maller et al., Nat Genet (2006) 38(9):1055-9

Влияние редких аллелей на уровень холестерина высокой плотности Низкой уровень холестерина высокой плотности (HDL-C, «хорошего» холестерина): основной фактор риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний Гомозиготы по некоторым мутациям в этих белках не имеют HDL-C вовсе: 1.Apolipoprotein AI (APOA1), the major protein component of HDL; 2.The adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1): efflux of cholesterol from cells to HDL particles; 3.Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT): catalysis of the formation of cholesteryl esters in HDL

Влияние редких аллелей на уровень холестерина высокой плотности J.Cohen et al., Science (2004) 305: The hypothesis: “rare sequence variations contribute significantly to low plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)” Results: “Of the 128 individuals with low plasma levels of HDL-C, 21 (16%) had sequence variants not present in the high HDL-C group. In contrast, only 3 (2%) of the individuals in the high HDL-C group had sequence variants not found in the low HDL-C group. Thus, one of six individuals with HDL-C levels below the fifth percentile in the Dallas Heart Study had a rare mutation in ABCA1 or APOA1 ”

Влияние редких аллелей на уровень холестерина высокой плотности J.Cohen et al., Science (2004) 305:869-72