Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island Introduction to Wireless Networking Module-01 Wireless Standards, Organizations and Applications Jerry Bernardini Community College of Rhode Island 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Presentation Reference Material CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administration Official Study Guide, Fourth Edition, Tom Carpenter, Joel Barrett Chapter-1 CWNA Exam Requirements IP-Addressing Notes 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Abbreviated Wireless Network History ??dates 1830: Professor Joseph Henry transmitted the first practical electrical signal. 1880: Maxwell’s Equations 1905: Marconi 1920: Radio Receivers 1935: Television 1941: Radar 1958: Satellite 1970: ALOHAnet 1990: Internet 1998: WLAN 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Why Study Wireless Networks? A Partial List Cordless phones Wireless Voice over IP phones Wireless print servers Wireless access points, routers, and bridges Radio Frequency Identification devices Wireless presentation gateways Wireless conferencing systems Laptop computers, PDAs, and other mobile wireless client device 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Industry Guided by Three Categories of Organizations Regulation- Boundaries of Operation Federal Communications Commission (FCC) European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Power limits and Frequencies Standardization- How systems work together Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 a, b, g, n Compatibility – Tests for interoperability Wi-Fi Alliance If you buy Wi-Fi certified gear it work with other Wi-Fi gear 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

FCC - Federal Communications Commission Regulatory Bodies – City, State, Country FCC- Born in 1934 to regulate radio, television, cable, satellite and wire communications FCC regulates Radio frequencies Output power levels Indoor and Outdoor usage Every country has regulatory bodies 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini FCC Wireless Bands 1985:Industry, Scientific and Medical Industrial License-Free Bands – ISM Bands 900 MHz band, (900 to 928 MHz range) 2.4 GHz band, (2.4 to 2.483 GHz range) 5 GHz band, (5.725 to 5.850 GHz range) 1997: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure U-NII bands 5.15 to 5.25 GHz 5.25 to 5.35 GHz 5.725 to 5.825 GHz 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini FCC Unlicensed Bands Advantages Disadvantages No licenses required No Fees No Permits Comply with rules and build anything Everyone can use the bands Interference between users Bandwidth Contention First-come-first –serve Interference from late-comers 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

FCC Regulates Frequencies Frequencies are grouped into bands Wireless LAN bands include: (Hz = Hertz) Frequency Band Total Bandwidth License-Free Band 2400–2500 MHz 100 MHz ISM 5.15–5.25 GHz U-NII 5.25–5.35 GHz 5.470–5.725 GHz 255 MHz 5.725–5.825 GHz 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

FCC Power Output Limits-U-NI Bands Limits Area Usage U-NII 5.15–5.25 GHz 40 mW Restricted to indoor operations U-NII 5.25–5.35 GHz 200 mW Indoor/outdoor U-NII 5.470–5.725 GHz U-NII 5.725–5.825 GHz 800 mW Higher output power assumes outdoor operations mw = 1/1000 watt 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Non-USA Standard Organizations OfCom-Office of Communication –United Kingdom MIC- Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications-Japan ARIB-Association of Radio and Businesses – Japan ACMA-Australian Communications and Media Authority 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunications Sector (ITU-R) 1947: United Nations creates ITU-R to: Promote cooperation and technical development ITU-R maintains a database of frequencies with five administrative regions Region A: The Americas Region B: Western Europe Region C: Eastern Europe Region D: Africa Region E: Asia and Australia 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - IEEE (Eye-triple-E) World’s leading non-profit professional organization for the advancement of technology Mission – promote “the engineering process of creating, developing, integrating, sharing, and applying knowledge about electronics and information technologies and sciences for the benefit of humanity and the profession.” 350,000 individual members in 150 countries. Nearly 900 active standards with 700 under development. 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

IEEE Wireless Standards IEEE 802 project is the most important with multiple working groups IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) IEEE 802.16 WiMAX IEEE 802.16 Mobile Broadband Most of this course will deal with IEEE 802.11 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini IEEE 802.11 Standards 1997: First 802.11 ratified Three ways of implementing a physical communications layer (PHY) Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Infrared communications (not implemented extensively) All operate at 1Mbps and 2Mbps To be covered in depth is subsequence lessons 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

IEEE 802.11 Amendments (details text pp.13-14) IEEE 802.11a – OFDM, 5 GHz U-NII, 54 Mbps IEEE 802.11b – DSSS, 2.4 Mhz ISM band, 11 Mbps IEEE 802.11c – Bridging operation IEEE 802.11d – regularity specifications IEEE 802.11e – Quality of Service (QoS) IEEE 802.11F- access point re-association IEEE 802.11g – DSSS/OFDM, 2.4 Mhz, 54 Mbps IEEE 802.11h – Dynamic frequency, power control IEEE 802.11i – important security enhancements 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

IEEE 802.11 Amendments (details text pp.14-15) IEEE 802.11j – 4.9-5 Mhz band in Japan IEEE 802.11k – channel management above 5 Mhz IEEE 802.11n –Important 100 Mbps plus WLAN IEEE 802.11p –Intelligent Transportation Systems IEEE 802.11r – Roaming amendment IEEE 802.11s – Extended Mesh network interoperate IEEE 802.11T – measurement and test conditions IEEE 802.11u – handoffs between WiMax and WLAN IEEE 802.11v – device management IEEE 802.11w – improved management frames 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini More IEEE Standards IEEE 802.1X – port-based authentication for security IEEE 802.3-2005 Clause 33 – defines power over Ethernet (PoE) IEEE 802.1D – bridging priority IEEE 802.1Q – priority tagging and VLAN FOR QoS 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

IETF – International Engineering Task Force Primarily a volunteer organization The most important standards organization for the Internet operation Operates on the basis of the Request-For-Comment (RFC) IETF issues an RFC in a technical issue After a period of time all responses to the RFC are gather and voted on WLAN RFC 3748, RFC 2865 are important for wireless RFC 3748 - WLAN security RFC 2865 -security and the use of RADIUS server 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wi-Fi Alliance Certification organization for testing and interoperability Ensures that devices are compatible with IEE standards Before October 2002 know as the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) Most commercial products will have a Wi-Fi logo 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Spread Spectrum Technology Uses Spread spectrum is a technique of transmitting radio signals over multiple frequencies The common method of transmitting WLAN signals Spread Spectrum will be explained in depth in chapter-3 Spread spectrum is used by Wireless LANs (WLANs) Wireless PANs (WPANs) Wireless MANs (WMANs) Use Examples Range Speeds WLAN /Backhaul IEEE 802.11 375 ft/ miles > 2Mbps WPAN Bluetooth 1-3 meters .723 – 3 Mbps WMAN/ Backhaul WiMax and EDGE 10 km ~ 40 Mbps WWAN / backhaul AT&T microwave variable ~75-135 kbps 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless LANs (WLANs) The major application of IEEE 802.11 WLANs provide mobility and unwired fixed connectivity Three primarily roles of WLANs Access role Distribution role Core role 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless PANs (WPAN) Wireless Personal Area Networks 10 meter radius connectivity Primarily Bluetooth Applications headsets mouse PDA Uses 2.4 GHz ISM band which can interfere with 802.11 WLAN 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 23 23

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless MANs (WMAN) Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Uses both Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint WiMAX and IEEE802.16 Leased networks covering multiple miles Provide QoS mechanisms 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 24 24

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless WANs (WWANs) Expansion of WAN technology DSL ISDN Cable WWANs connect LANs to backbone Uses both Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint WWANs provide multi-channel communications 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 25 25

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Last-Mile Delivery Last mile is the connection between the ISP and the end user Example: home and telephone central office Example: Office and Cable provider hub Last mile comes from the old telephone network design; max of 18000 ft to central office Last mile can be expensive Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) WISP use WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 26 26

Major Wireless Applications SOHO – Small Office / Home Office Less than 25 computers Router connections Mobile Office Network Similar the SOHO but mobile Mobile IP usage Educational/Classroom Use Hotspots Warehousing and Manufacturing Health Care 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 27 27

Wireless Networking J. Bernardini Wireless Hotspots Hotspots often use Wi-Fi Free and wide open Free and secure Subscription based Pay-as-you-go Mixed 4/16/2017 Wireless Networking J. Bernardini 28 28