Population, Urbanization, and the Environment

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Presentation transcript:

Population, Urbanization, and the Environment Sociology, Tenth Edition

Demography: The Study Of Human Population From 250,000 years ago until just 250 years ago, the human population hovered around 500 million About 1750 world population began to spike The world population in 2002 6.2 billion persons We add about 77 million persons annually Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Fertility Fertility – the incidence of childbearing in a society’s population Fecundity –the potential for childbearing Crude birth rate – the number of live births in a given year for every thousand people in a population “Crude” because it takes into account everybody, not just women of childbearing age Sociology, Tenth Edition

Mortality The Incidence Of Death In A Population Crude death rate Number of deaths in a given year for every for every thousand people in a population Infant mortality rates Number of deaths among infants under one year for each 1,000 live births Life expectancy Average life span of a countries population (u. S. 2000: 74.1 for males, 79.5 for females) Sociology, Tenth Edition

National Map 22-1 Population Change across the United States Sociology, Tenth Edition

Migration – Movement Of People In And Out Of A Specified Territory Voluntary migration – due to economic push and pull factors Involuntary migration – forced migration due to war or other social conflict Immigration – movement into a territory Emigration – movement out of a territory Rates In-migration rate The number entering for every 1,000 people Out migration rate Number leaving for every 1,000 people in the territory Net-migration rate Difference between in- and out-migration numbers Sociology, Tenth Edition

Population Composition Sex ratio Number of males compared to number of females In the united states there were approximately 96 males to 100 females because women usually outlive men In India there were approximately 107 males for every 100 females because women were more likely to abort female fetuses and parent may provide less care for female children Age-sex pyramid A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Figure 22-2 Age-Sex Population Pyramids for the United States and Mexico, 2000 Sociology, Tenth Edition

Malthusian Theory Of Population Growth Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), warned of impending doom based on population projections Population growth would approximate geometric progression (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16…) but food production would increase only in arithmetic progression (e.g., 2, 4, 6…) Result: people reproducing at rates that exceeded their ability to produce sufficient food Limits included artificial birth control (morally wrong) or abstinence (unlikely) Seen as “the dismal person” because war and famine were our future Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Demographic Transition Theory – Population Patterns Reflect A Society’s Level Of Technological Development Stage one (preindustrial, agrarian) High birth rates due to economic value of children and lack of birth control Stage two (early industrial) High birth rate and lowered death rate give boost to population growth (many of the developing nations today mirror this stage) Stage three (mature industrial) Birth rates begin to mask death rates as population surge drops as affluence transforms children into economic liability Stage four (postindustrial) Economic realities force drop in birth rates to the point where growth is stagnant or very slow Sociology, Tenth Edition

Figure 22-4 Demographic Transition Theory Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Critical evaluation Malthusian Theory Predictions flawed, European birth rate began dropping by 1850 Children becoming an economic liability rather than an asset Use of artificial birth control Ignored role of social inequality in world abundance and famine Blames victims for their own problems Demographic Transition Theory Without a redistribution of global resources the planet will be divided into industrial “haves” and nonindustrial “have-nots” Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Global Population Depends Upon Which Side Of The Equator One Is Discussing The low-growth north Zero population growth – level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady state Postindustrial societies Have shown slow downs in birth rates “underpopulation” may be a problem The high-growth south Population growth is a critical problem in several poor countries While birth rates have fallen (six to four children per woman), 180 nations are in trouble of overpopulation In short, For much of the world, mortality among children is dropping Challenge is to control birth rates in poor countries as we did death in the past Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Growth In U.S. Cities Colonial settlement (1624-1800) Capitalism’s impact upon small villages ensured transformation Urban expansion (1800-1860) Towns springing up along transportation routes The great metropolis (1860-1950) Impact of civil war (factory growth) ushered in growth One-fifth of the population lived in cities Urban decentralization (1950- to present) Desertion of downtown areas for outlying suburbs Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Cities Metropolis and centralization A large city that dominates the area The suburbs and decentralization Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city Urban renewal efforts have gone on in attempts to revitalize central cities Megalopolis A vast urban area containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs: “SUPERCITIES” Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Urban Life Urban life can be challenging and very different from early rural settings Ferdinand Tonnies Gemeinschaft – close ties through kinship and tradition Gesellschaft – social relations are based on individual self-interest Emile Durkheim Mechanical solidarity – social bonds based on common feelings and moral bonds Organic solidarity – social bonds based on specialization and interdependence Georg Simmel The development of a blasé attitude – A strategy for social survival Robert Park and Louis Wirth Urban organization based on distinctive ethnic communities, commercial centers, and industrial districts A human kaleidoscope Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Critical Analysis Ferdinand Tonnies & Louis Wirth saw the decline of personal ties and traditional morality Emile Durkheim & Robert Park emphasized urbanism’s positive points like greater autonomy & personal choice Wirth and others tended to paint with broad strokes overlooking effects of class, race & gender Cities intensify social differences observed most clearly when categories of people form “critical masses” Sociology, Tenth Edition

Physical Design of Cities Urban ecology – the study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities Park & burgess’ concentric zones Business districts ringed by factories ringed by housing Hoyt’s wedge-shaped sectors Industry forms along rail lines, new fashionable areas next to old fashionable areas Harris & Ullman’s multicentered model Cities decentralize form many smaller centers Sociology, Tenth Edition

Physical Design of Cities (Cont.) Social area analysis – what people have in common Family patterns Social class Race & ethnicity Berry & Rees’ analysis ties many of the previous theories together Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Environment & Society Ecology – the study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment Natural environment – the earth’s surface and atmosphere including living organisms, air, water, soil and other resources necessary to sustain life Ecosystem – a system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment Environmental deficit – profound and long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material affluence Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Theories of Growth Logic of growth – more powerful technology has improved our lives and new discoveries will make the future better Critical analysis – progress can lead to unexpected problems, resources are finite Limits to growth – humanity must implement policies to control growth of population, production and resource use to avoid environmental collapse (neo-Malthusians) Critical analysis – long-range predictions are speculative Sociology, Tenth Edition

Sociology, Tenth Edition Environmental Terms Rain forest – regions of dense forestation most of which circle the globe near the equator Global warming – a rise in the earth’s average temperature caused by an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide and other gasses in the atmosphere Environmental racism – the pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities Ecologically sustainable culture – a way of life that meets the needs of the current generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations Sociology, Tenth Edition