חלקיק טעון בשדה אלקטרומגנטי
1D electric field Constant electric field Potential electric field
Constant magnetic field NR
Constant perpendicular fields Change frame
Drifts (NR)
Gradient drift
Curvature drift
Drift currents: gg rgrg At y=0, for any given particle we have: where : is the Assume to lowest order f is independent of g, and dependent just on y.
is the phase space density of particles whos gyro center is y gc and gyro phase is g. Assume to lowest order f is independent of g, and dependent just on y. Note that the drift current does not depend on the particle’s charge, just on their mass.
Adiabatic invariants 1
Adiabatic invariants 1I
Adiabatic invariants III
First invariant
Magnetic bottle and loss cone
Second invariant Fermi acceleration
Third invariant drift shell orbits
nonadiabatic examples 1. shock transition 2. inhomogeneous E
Coulomb collisions
תדירות ההתנגשויות
runaway
1. Charged particle in a planar electromagnetic wave (relativistic) a) linear polarization b) circular polarization 2. Van Allen belt currents 3. Curvature drift in pulsars 4. Gyroradii of cosmic rays near Earth